A HIPAA authorization is a legal document that allows designated individuals to access a person’s protected health information for medical decision-making and records review. In estate planning, this authorization works alongside wills, trusts, and health care directives to ensure that the person you trust can obtain medical information when needed. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help Newark residents craft HIPAA authorizations that clearly name agents, specify the scope of access, and coordinate with other estate planning documents so loved ones can act promptly during illness or incapacity without delays in obtaining essential medical records.
Including a HIPAA authorization in your estate plan provides a streamlined method for caregivers, family members, and attorneys to gather necessary medical information when decisions need to be made. This document can prevent confusion about who is allowed to speak to doctors, obtain records, and coordinate care. When prepared with care, the HIPAA authorization reduces administrative hurdles and supports timely communication among medical providers and designated agents. For Newark families, a properly drafted authorization complements advance health care directives and powers of attorney to ensure continuity of care and clear access to vital medical information.
A HIPAA authorization gives named agents explicit legal authority to obtain health records and discuss treatment with medical providers, which can be essential during emergencies or when a person cannot speak for themselves. This authority reduces delays in decision-making and helps family members coordinate care based on accurate medical information. For estate planning, a HIPAA authorization complements living trusts, powers of attorney, and advance directives by ensuring continuity of access to critical health details. Properly tailored authorizations also protect privacy by limiting access to specific types of information or time periods, giving you both control and flexibility over how records are shared.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serve individuals and families in Newark and throughout Alameda County with a full range of estate planning services, including HIPAA authorizations. Our practice focuses on clear communication, meticulous document drafting, and creating plans that reflect client wishes while meeting California legal standards. We work closely with clients to coordinate HIPAA authorizations with revocable living trusts, powers of attorney, and health care directives so that medical information access aligns with the broader estate plan. Clients appreciate practical guidance and reliable follow-through that keeps their plans up to date and usable when needed.
A HIPAA authorization is distinct from a health care power of attorney or advance directive because it specifically permits access to protected health information under HIPAA rules. While health care proxies allow decision-making authority, the authorization enables designated people to obtain copies of medical records, test results, and hospital notes. Drafting the authorization requires attention to detail so that the document names the right agents, describes the records to be released, and sets clear timeframes or limitations. Properly coordinated authorizations and directives help avoid conflicts and ensure medical teams can communicate with the right people during critical moments.
When preparing a HIPAA authorization, consider whether to make the document durable and how broadly it should define permitted disclosures. Some clients prefer an authorization that lasts only while they are incapacitated, while others choose broader language to cover ongoing care coordination. The document can limit disclosure to particular providers, dates, or types of information, such as mental health or substance abuse records, if desired. Because state and federal rules intersect, careful drafting ensures the authorization is recognized by hospitals and clinics and harmonizes with estate planning tools like durable powers of attorney and advance directives.
A HIPAA authorization is a written permission that allows covered entities to disclose a person’s protected health information to a designated recipient. This document identifies who may receive information, what information may be released, and the purpose for the disclosure. Providers typically require a HIPAA authorization before releasing records to family members or attorneys. In the context of estate planning, an authorization reduces barriers to obtaining medical histories and treatment records, enabling timely legal and medical decisions. Effective authorizations are precise about the parties and records involved to avoid misunderstandings and unwanted disclosures.
Essential elements of a HIPAA authorization include the patient’s identifying information, the names of authorized recipients, a clear description of the information to be disclosed, the purpose of the disclosure, and the authorization’s expiration or revocation terms. The drafting process typically involves reviewing medical providers’ requirements, coordinating with other estate planning documents, and securing signatures and witness or notary acknowledgment where appropriate. Clients should also be advised on how to revoke or amend the authorization if circumstances change. Thoughtful preparation ensures the authorization is accepted by medical facilities and works seamlessly within the broader estate plan.
Understanding specific terms helps clients make informed choices about HIPAA authorizations and related documents. Definitions cover roles like the principal and agent, document types such as advance health care directives and powers of attorney, and technical concepts like protected health information, revocation, and authorization scope. Clear definitions make it easier to identify who should be named, what records should be included, and how the authorization interacts with state and federal privacy protections. Our goal is to demystify terminology so Newark clients can confidently select provisions that reflect their privacy and care coordination preferences.
Protected Health Information, often called PHI, refers to individually identifiable health information held by health care providers, health plans, and clearinghouses. PHI includes medical records, diagnoses, treatment plans, test results, billing information, and other health-related data tied to a person. A HIPAA authorization specifies which portions of PHI may be released and to whom, giving the principal control over sensitive medical details. In an estate planning context, properly tailored authorizations balance the need for family members to access important medical records with the desire to keep certain health information private.
Authorization scope defines what types of medical information may be shared, such as general medical records or narrowly limited records like mental health or substance use treatment. Duration specifies how long the authorization will remain in effect, which can be a fixed date, until a triggering event like incapacity, or indefinite until revoked. Both scope and duration should be carefully considered so that the authorization provides the necessary access without granting open-ended permissions. Clear limitations reduce the risk of over-disclosure and help ensure provider compliance with the principal’s wishes.
The principal is the person whose medical information is at issue and who signs the HIPAA authorization to permit disclosure. The authorized agent is the individual or organization named to receive the principal’s PHI. Selecting the right agent involves considering trust, availability, and the agent’s ability to manage communications with medical providers. The authorization should include full names, relationship descriptions, and contact information for agents to minimize confusion. It’s also wise to name successor agents in case the primary designee is unavailable or unwilling to act.
Revocation is the process by which the principal terminates an existing HIPAA authorization, while amendment refers to changes that modify the authorization’s terms. A written revocation should be provided to health care providers to stop further disclosures, and providers typically will not be able to retract information already released. Documenting revocations and amendments clearly helps ensure that medical providers and agents understand current permissions. Including instructions for revocation and how to notify providers adds an important layer of control to the estate planning process.
When building an estate plan, it’s important to understand how a HIPAA authorization differs from and complements other documents like powers of attorney and advance health care directives. While powers of attorney give someone authority to make financial or legal decisions, and health care directives convey treatment preferences or appoint a decision-maker, the HIPAA authorization specifically addresses access to medical records. Each document plays a different role, and together they create a practical framework for decision-making and information access. Choosing the right combination of documents ensures that agents can act effectively and have the information they need.
A narrowly tailored HIPAA authorization can be appropriate when you only need to share specific records with a single person or for a limited purpose, such as coordinating care for a short treatment episode. Limiting access to particular providers, date ranges, or types of records reduces the risk of over-sharing sensitive information while still enabling necessary communications. For many Newark residents, focusing authorization scope on immediate care needs or a single trusted agent makes the document simpler and easier for providers to accept. Clear limitations can also offer peace of mind about privacy while preserving essential functionality for medical coordination.
A temporary HIPAA authorization works well when access is needed only during a brief period, such as a surgical hospitalization or a specific medical evaluation. Temporary authorizations can include an explicit end date or a condition that ends the authorization once care is completed. This approach prevents ongoing disclosure of medical records and keeps long-term privacy intact. Temporary authorization is often used in combination with other estate planning documents so that long-term decision-making authority remains clear, while short-term medical access is granted without unnecessary permanence.
When a person sees many specialists, receives care at multiple facilities, or manages chronic conditions, a comprehensive approach ensures consistent access to necessary records across providers. Coordinating HIPAA authorizations with advance directives and powers of attorney helps an agent gather a complete medical picture and relay accurate information to physicians. Comprehensive planning anticipates transitions in care, such as hospital discharge to rehabilitation or long-term care, and includes instructions for sharing records with new providers so continuity of treatment is preserved when it matters most.
Clients with trusts, pour-over wills, special needs provisions, or complex family dynamics benefit from a coordinated planning strategy that aligns HIPAA authorizations with trust administration and guardianship nominations. This approach ensures that the people handling health care information are the same individuals preparing to manage finances or trust assets if incapacity occurs. Comprehensive coordination reduces friction between medical decision-making and estate administration and supports a unified plan that addresses privacy, care, and property matters together rather than in isolation.
A comprehensive approach reduces the likelihood of gaps in information that can impede medical or legal decisions. When HIPAA authorizations are drafted alongside powers of attorney, advance directives, and trust documents, authorized agents have both the legal authority and the information needed to act effectively. Coordinated documents lower the risk of disputes or administrative delays, and they help ensure that care preferences are honored while legal transitions proceed smoothly. For Newark clients, this integrated planning promotes clarity and readiness for health care events at any stage of life.
Another benefit is increased protection of privacy through intentional limitations and revocation provisions that reflect your wishes. By setting precise parameters for what information may be released and how long authorizations last, you maintain control over sensitive records while still enabling necessary access. Coordinating these protections with other estate planning tools allows agents to fulfill their roles without overstepping boundaries, and it simplifies communication with medical providers who often prefer well-drafted, clear authorizations. The result is a practical, privacy-minded plan that supports both family needs and personal preferences.
When HIPAA authorizations are integrated into a complete estate plan, agents can quickly obtain the records they need to assist with treatment decisions, claims, or benefits. Streamlined access reduces repeated paperwork and helps avoid delays that can affect care coordination or legal timelines. Clear documentation that names authorized individuals and describes the records to be released is more likely to be accepted by providers, especially in urgent situations. This practical benefit is especially valuable for families managing care across multiple institutions or during transitions between levels of care.
A coordinated estate plan encourages consistent communication between clients, their designated agents, medical providers, and legal counsel. This clarity reduces misunderstandings and enables more effective advocacy on behalf of the principal. When all parties have access to the same documents and understand the roles assigned, it becomes easier to follow treatment directives and manage administrative tasks like insurance claims or medical record requests. Strong communication supports timely decisions and helps preserve the principal’s preferences across both medical and legal spheres.
When creating a HIPAA authorization, include full names, phone numbers, and relationship descriptions for each agent so health care providers can confirm identities quickly. Consider naming at least one successor agent in case the primary designee is unavailable, and discuss your choices with the people you name so they understand their responsibilities. Keeping contact information current reduces delays when records or medical decisions are needed. Clear identification also helps facilities comply with the request without unnecessary verification steps, which is important during urgent medical situations.
Coordinate your HIPAA authorization with durable powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and trust documents so agents have both authority and information when acting on your behalf. Consistency across documents reduces the chance of conflicting instructions and avoids confusion among providers and family members. Review all documents periodically and update them after major life events such as marriage, divorce, or changes in health to ensure they continue to reflect your wishes. Regular reviews keep your plan workable and aligned with current laws and medical practices.
Including a HIPAA authorization ensures that someone you trust can access your medical records when it matters most, which supports timely and informed decisions. Without an authorization, providers may refuse to disclose records to family members or legal representatives, slowing care coordination and legal processes. A written authorization also clarifies your privacy preferences and reduces potential conflicts among family members or between providers and relatives. For those managing chronic conditions, preparing for surgery, or planning for potential incapacity, a HIPAA authorization is a practical addition to any estate plan.
The authorization also plays a preventive role by reducing administrative obstacles and helping agents navigate provider procedures during stressful times. It may be needed by attorneys handling estates or guardianship matters and is often required for insurance or benefits claims that hinge on medical documentation. Making these arrangements in advance provides reassurance that health information will be accessible to the right people and that decisions will be informed by accurate records. Planning ahead avoids surprises and supports orderly care management during transitions or emergencies.
Typical circumstances include hospitalizations, long-term care transitions, chronic illness management, and legal matters that require medical records such as guardianship or benefits claims. Family members frequently need access to records to make informed decisions about treatment options, medication management, or discharge planning. Estate administration and trust matters also commonly require medical documentation to determine incapacity or to support claims. Preparing a HIPAA authorization in advance helps ensure that appointed agents can obtain vital information quickly in these common scenarios.
During a hospital admission or emergency, a HIPAA authorization allows a designated person to speak with medical staff and receive updates on diagnosis and treatment. Without written authorization, hospitals may limit what they can disclose, which can hinder family communication and care coordination. Authors of these documents should consider naming emergency contacts and giving them permission to obtain records promptly. This preparedness supports swift decisions and helps family members provide accurate medical histories to clinicians when time is critical.
Individuals who receive care from multiple specialists, clinics, and hospitals benefit from a HIPAA authorization that authorizes a central point of contact to gather records and coordinate care. This access ensures that all providers have the necessary background to make informed treatment choices and reduces repetitive testing or missed details. Agents can assist with appointment scheduling, tracking medication changes, and ensuring that new providers receive complete medical histories, making continuity of care more reliable and manageable for patients and families alike.
Many legal proceedings and benefit claims require comprehensive medical documentation to support decisions or verify conditions. A HIPAA authorization enables attorneys, fiduciaries, or designated agents to obtain records needed for guardianship petitions, disability claims, or trust administration matters. Preparing this authorization in advance prevents delays in legal processes and helps ensure that required documentation is available when deadlines arise. Careful drafting can make the discovery and submission of records a straightforward part of estate administration or benefits applications.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provide personalized guidance to Newark clients seeking HIPAA authorizations that work within California rules and local medical provider practices. We assist with drafting clear, provider-friendly forms, reviewing authorization scope and duration, and coordinating documents with trusts, wills, and powers of attorney. Our approach emphasizes practical solutions that make it easier for loved ones to obtain information and act when necessary. We help clients understand options and prepare documents that respect privacy while facilitating effective care coordination.
Clients turn to the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman for straightforward guidance and careful drafting that aligns HIPAA authorizations with broader estate plans. We focus on creating documents that are easy for providers to accept and that clearly name agents and limitations. Our practice values clear communication with clients, ensuring that each authorization reflects personal preferences for privacy and care coordination. We also provide ongoing support to update documents after life changes so that authorizations remain accurate and effective when needed.
Our firm helps clients anticipate practical issues with record access and proactively addresses common provider requirements to increase acceptance of HIPAA authorizations. We review forms for compliance with California and federal rules and advise on where notary or witness signatures may be helpful. By coordinating authorizations with powers of attorney and advance directives, we craft a cohesive plan that enables agents to act without unnecessary obstacles. This preparedness helps families respond efficiently to health care events and legal needs.
We also help clients maintain clear documentation of their preferences and agent designations so hospitals, clinics, and other institutions can verify authority quickly. When requested, our team explains the authorization to named agents and provides guidance on communicating with providers. This hands-on assistance reduces stress for families during medical situations and supports timely access to records. Our goal is to make the process as smooth as possible so clients and their loved ones have confidence in the plan they put in place.
Our process begins with a consultation to understand your medical privacy concerns, care preferences, and the other estate planning documents you have or need. We review your health care proxy, advance health care directive, and any trusts to ensure the HIPAA authorization complements the overall plan. Drafting focuses on clarity for providers, naming agents, and specifying the scope and duration. We then review the final document with you, provide execution guidance, and recommend where to store copies so agents and providers can access them when necessary.
We begin by discussing your goals, current health care arrangements, and relevant existing documents to determine the appropriate scope of a HIPAA authorization. This conversation identifies who should be named as agents, what records will likely be needed, and any privacy limits you want to impose. We also review provider procedures that may affect form language to increase acceptance. By focusing on practical needs and legal considerations up front, we craft an authorization that is both usable and aligned with the rest of your estate plan.
During the initial stage we help clients identify suitable agents by considering availability, willingness to serve, and ability to manage communications with medical teams. We discuss naming successor agents and the importance of notifying those individuals so they are prepared to act if needed. Conversations also address whether particular sensitive records should be limited and what duration best fits the client’s circumstances. This careful selection process ensures that the authorization names responsible people who can effectively obtain and use medical information when necessary.
We examine any existing powers of attorney, advance directives, trusts, and wills to ensure the HIPAA authorization complements and does not conflict with those instruments. This review identifies areas where additional clarity is needed and confirms that agent designations are consistent across documents. Aligning all elements reduces the risk of confusion among providers and family members and creates a cohesive plan that supports both medical decision-making and estate administration. Updating documents together keeps everything synchronized and functional.
In the drafting phase we prepare a HIPAA authorization that uses clear, provider-friendly language, includes appropriate limitations, and specifies how long the authorization remains effective. We tailor the form to meet common institutional requirements while reflecting the principal’s privacy preferences. The document also explains revocation procedures and, when helpful, designates successors to ensure continuity. Clients receive guidance on proper execution steps, including signature and witness needs, to improve the likelihood that medical facilities will accept the authorization without unnecessary delay.
We draft authorizations using language that aligns with provider expectations and legal standards, clarifying terms such as the identity of the principal and agents, the scope of permitted disclosures, and the document’s expiration. Clear, unambiguous provisions reduce the chance of administrative pushback and help medical staff process records requests more efficiently. Where needed, we adapt wording for specific institutions or types of records so that the authorization will be usable across different care settings, from hospitals to outpatient clinics.
We include explicit instructions for revocation so principals understand how to terminate or revise the authorization and inform providers to stop further disclosures. Naming successor agents ensures that access continues if the primary designee cannot serve. These provisions reduce gaps in authority and provide a clear path for maintaining or changing medical record access. Documenting revocation procedures and successor designations gives principals peace of mind that changes will be recognized and implemented by health care providers.
After drafting, we guide clients through proper execution, including signing, witnessing, or notarization if recommended, and advise on where to store copies for easy access by agents and providers. We recommend distributing copies to named agents and primary medical providers and suggest keeping a record of when and where copies were delivered. Finally, we encourage periodic reviews of the authorization, especially after major life events or changes in health, to ensure continued alignment with the client’s wishes and current legal requirements.
We provide step-by-step guidance on signing and distributing the authorization to maximize acceptability by medical providers. Clients receive instructions on delivering copies to hospitals, primary care providers, and named agents so those parties have documentation when access is needed. Keeping copies accessible and providing agents with contact information for providers reduces delays. We also explain best practices for storage and sharing so agents can find the documents quickly during emergencies or planned medical events.
Regular review of HIPAA authorizations ensures they remain current and reflect any changes in relationships, health status, or provider networks. We recommend reviewing documents after major life events such as marriage, divorce, relocation, or diagnosis of a new condition. Updating authorizations as needed prevents outdated designations or scope limitations from creating problems when records are required. Our team can assist with amendments or revocations and advise on the best way to communicate changes to providers and agents.
A HIPAA authorization is a written document that permits designated individuals to obtain your protected health information from health care providers and plans. It identifies who may receive information, what specific records may be disclosed, and the purpose of the disclosure. This authorization makes it easier for trusted family members, caregivers, or attorneys to access medical records needed for treatment decisions, benefits claims, or estate matters. Including a HIPAA authorization in your estate plan helps ensure timely access to records and reduces administrative barriers when medical information is required. You may need a HIPAA authorization if you want someone other than your medical providers to see your health records, especially during hospitalizations or when coordinating care among multiple providers. The authorization is particularly helpful where privacy rules prevent providers from disclosing information to family members without written permission. Drafting the authorization with clear scope and duration ensures that access aligns with your privacy preferences, and it should be coordinated with powers of attorney and advance directives so authorized agents can act effectively.
A HIPAA authorization specifically permits the release of protected health information to named recipients, enabling those individuals to obtain medical records and discuss treatment details with providers. By contrast, a health care power of attorney appoints someone to make medical decisions on your behalf if you cannot do so. While a power of attorney conveys decision-making authority, it does not always by itself grant providers permission to release medical records; a separate HIPAA authorization is commonly used to facilitate record access for the person appointed to make decisions. For complete readiness, it is often advisable to include both documents in an estate plan. The power of attorney sets forth who will make decisions, and the HIPAA authorization ensures that person can gather the records needed to make informed choices. Drafting both instruments together creates a practical framework so decision-makers have both the authority and the necessary medical information.
Choose an agent who is trustworthy, available, and able to manage communications with medical providers when needed. Consider naming someone who knows you well and can act under stress, as they may need to interpret medical information, coordinate appointments, and liaise with family members. If your primary designee may be unavailable at times, name one or more successor agents to ensure continuity. Be sure to discuss your choices with the people you name so they understand their responsibilities and are willing to act on your behalf. Also think about logistical factors, such as proximity to medical facilities and comfort navigating health records and insurance matters. If you have complex care needs or travel frequently, select an agent who can be reached easily and is prepared to handle ongoing coordination. Providing agents with copies of the authorization and instructions on how to use it can make the process smoother when access to records is necessary.
Yes, a HIPAA authorization can be narrowly drafted to limit the type of medical information that may be released, the providers covered, and the timeframe for disclosure. You can choose to exclude particularly sensitive records or limit access to specific categories such as lab results or treatment histories. This targeted approach protects sensitive information while still permitting authorized agents to obtain the records needed for specific purposes. Clear language is important so that providers understand what is and is not included under the authorization. Limiting scope can also improve provider acceptance and reduce concern about over-disclosure. If you are uncertain which records to include, discuss common scenarios with your attorney so the authorization is practical for likely needs. Periodic reviews allow you to amend the authorization should circumstances change and broader or narrower access become appropriate.
You can revoke a HIPAA authorization at any time by providing written notice of revocation to the health care providers holding your records, unless the authorization specifies otherwise or disclosures already occurred prior to revocation. It is best to deliver a written revocation directly to providers and to your named agents so they understand the authorization is no longer valid. Keep a copy of the revocation and request acknowledgement from providers when possible to confirm they have received and recorded the change. To change an authorization, you may execute a new document that supersedes the prior one and clearly states the revocation of the earlier authorization. Updating the authorization with current agent names, scope, or duration ensures that providers and agents work from the most recent instructions. We recommend notifying providers and distributing copies of the updated authorization to named agents to reduce confusion and ensure compliance.
Many hospitals and providers accept properly prepared HIPAA authorizations, but institutional procedures vary and some facilities may require specific wording or additional verification. To increase the likelihood of acceptance, draft the authorization with clear identification of the principal and agents, explicit descriptions of the records to be released, and any necessary signature or witnessing formalities. We can tailor language to common provider preferences and advise on best practices for execution and distribution to improve compliance across different health care settings. If a provider raises concerns, our team can help communicate with the institution to clarify the authorization and provide supporting documentation. When planning, consider obtaining copies of facility-specific release forms if you expect frequent interaction with a particular hospital or clinic. Providing agents with both the general authorization and facility-specific paperwork streamlines record requests and reduces administrative friction when medical information is needed.
A HIPAA authorization may include an expiration date or be drafted to remain effective until revoked. Including an expiration date can be useful for temporary needs, such as a single hospitalization or a short-term treatment episode. An authorization that triggers on incapacity can remain in effect only while you are unable to manage your own affairs, while others prefer an open-ended authorization that continues until they revoke it. Choosing an expiration strategy should balance privacy concerns with the practical need for ongoing access to records when necessary. If you opt for an expiration date, make sure it aligns with foreseeable care horizons or plan to review and renew the authorization as needed. For longer-term medical needs, including periodic review provisions or successor agent designations helps maintain continuous access as circumstances change. We can help you select an approach that fits your situation and provides clear instructions for providers and agents.
Including a HIPAA authorization as part of a comprehensive estate planning package is often beneficial because it ensures agents have both the authority and information needed to act on your behalf. When trusts, wills, and powers of attorney are prepared together, document language can be aligned to avoid contradictions and to support coordinated actions by appointed agents. This holistic approach helps families manage medical, financial, and property matters consistently, reducing confusion during emergencies or transitions in care. Coordination also makes it easier for attorneys and fiduciaries to gather required records for trust administration or guardianship matters. When HIPAA authorizations are filed alongside other estate documents, named agents and providers can reference a unified plan that reflects your current wishes. Regularly reviewing all documents together keeps your plan up to date and operational when needed.
If you become incapacitated without a HIPAA authorization, health care providers may limit the information they share with family members and third parties, which can hinder decision-making and delay access to necessary records. While a health care power of attorney can authorize someone to make treatment decisions, some providers still require a separate written HIPAA authorization to release specific medical records. Without the proper documentation, family members may face administrative roadblocks when trying to obtain test results, history, or treatment notes needed for care coordination. In situations where records are needed for legal or benefits purposes, the absence of authorization can slow legal proceedings and complicate trust administration or guardianship actions. Preparing a HIPAA authorization in advance avoids these issues and empowers designated agents to obtain information promptly. If an authorization is missing at the time of incapacity, parties may need to pursue court orders or other legal processes to gain access, which can be time-consuming and stressful.
HIPAA authorizations are governed by federal privacy rules, but state laws may offer additional protections or require specific language for certain sensitive records, such as mental health or substance use treatment. In California, state protections interact with federal requirements, and providers may apply both sets of rules when determining whether to release information. Because of these overlaps, it’s important to draft authorizations that address both federal HIPAA standards and California-specific considerations to ensure that the authorization will be effective for the intended disclosures. When drafting a HIPAA authorization in California, consider whether special categories of records require additional consent or limitations and whether provider-specific forms are required. Our approach includes reviewing state law implications and advising on language that satisfies both federal and California standards. This helps reduce the risk of provider refusal or confusion when agents request records under the authorization.
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