Planning your estate ensures that your wishes for property distribution, health care decisions, and guardianship preferences are clear and legally enforceable. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, serving Concord and Contra Costa County from San Jose, we assist clients in creating tailored estate plans that reflect personal values and family circumstances. Whether you are creating a revocable living trust, preparing a last will and testament, or designating powers of attorney, thoughtful planning helps avoid costly delays and confusion. This introduction explains the core documents and the practical steps involved in establishing a secure estate plan that addresses both immediate needs and long-term goals.
When you begin estate planning, you are taking action to protect loved ones, manage assets, and preserve privacy. Our approach emphasizes clear communication, careful documentation, and practical strategies that align with California law. We guide you through decisions about revocable living trusts versus pour-over wills, durable financial powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and options for managing retirement plan assets. With straightforward explanations and personalized recommendations, clients gain confidence that their plans will work as intended to provide for beneficiaries, minimize probate complications, and ensure medical wishes are honored when the time comes.
A well-prepared estate plan reduces uncertainty and helps safeguard assets for the people you care about. Beyond directing the distribution of property, an estate plan addresses medical decision-making, financial authority during incapacity, and the management of minor or dependent care through guardianship nominations. Proper planning can reduce the time and expense associated with probate, provide privacy that wills alone cannot guarantee, and offer management solutions such as trusts to protect vulnerable beneficiaries. For families with special needs, blended families, or complex assets, carefully drafted documents provide continuity and peace of mind during difficult transitions.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serves clients across Contra Costa County and the greater Bay Area with personalized estate planning services. Our practice focuses on creating comprehensive plans that reflect each client’s financial situation, family structure, and long-term goals. We guide clients through preparing revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives while explaining the legal implications and administrative steps required. Communication and clarity are central to our approach; clients receive practical options, clear timelines, and assistance implementing documents so plans function smoothly when they are needed most.
Estate planning is more than signing documents; it’s a process that identifies assets, determines how those assets will be managed and distributed, and sets rules for care and decision-making if you cannot speak for yourself. The main components typically include a revocable living trust to avoid probate, a last will and testament to address any assets outside a trust, powers of attorney to authorize financial decision-making, and advance health care directives to ensure medical wishes are followed. Creating a cohesive plan requires attention to beneficiary designations, retirement accounts, and potential tax or guardianship concerns that may affect your family.
When assembling an estate plan, it is important to inventory assets, name appropriate fiduciaries, and coordinate documents to avoid conflicts and gaps. Trusts can be tailored to manage distributions, provide asset protection, or address special needs and pet care. A general assignment of assets to a trust and a certification of trust can simplify administration for successor trustees. For those concerned with protecting life insurance proceeds or retirement benefits, irrevocable life insurance trusts and retirement plan trusts offer specific solutions. Thoughtful drafting and periodic review ensure the plan continues to serve changing circumstances and California law updates.
Understanding the terminology used in estate planning helps you make informed decisions. A revocable living trust is a flexible arrangement that holds assets during your life and facilitates their transfer at death without probate. A pour-over will works alongside a trust to capture any assets not previously transferred. Powers of attorney provide authority to handle financial matters if you cannot, while advance health care directives document medical preferences and appoint a health care agent. Other tools such as special needs trusts, pet trusts, and irrevocable life insurance trusts address specific goals, and periodic updates keep these documents aligned with life changes.
A comprehensive estate plan includes several coordinated elements and an orderly process. Initial meetings focus on goals and asset inventories, followed by drafting documents that reflect decisions about trustees, guardians, and beneficiaries. Implementation steps include transferring assets into trust, updating beneficiary designations, executing notarized and witnessed documents, and organizing records for successor fiduciaries. After the plan is in place, periodic reviews address life events such as marriage, births, divorce, or changes in asset composition. Clear instructions and accessible documentation help ensure a smooth transition when fiduciaries must act.
Familiarity with common estate planning terms makes discussions about wills, trusts, and directives more productive. Knowing who a trustee, grantor, or beneficiary is clarifies responsibilities and expectations. Terms like probate, pour-over will, and certification of trust describe legal processes and documents that affect administration. Understanding the role of powers of attorney and advance health care directives helps ensure that financial and medical choices are carried out according to your wishes. We provide clear definitions and practical examples to help clients evaluate options and select the documents that best meet their objectives.
A revocable living trust is a document that allows you to place assets into a trust during your lifetime, maintain control as trustee, and designate successor trustees to manage and distribute assets upon incapacity or death. It offers privacy and probate avoidance for assets properly transferred into the trust. The trust is amendable during your life, enabling changes to reflect new circumstances. Advising clients on funding the trust and coordinating beneficiary designations helps ensure the trust functions as intended and reduces the likelihood of assets passing through probate courts.
An advance health care directive documents health care preferences and appoints a health care agent to make medical decisions if you are unable to do so yourself. It may include instructions about life-sustaining treatment and comfort measures, and it often works in conjunction with HIPAA authorization to permit access to medical records. This directive provides clarity for medical providers and family members, reduces conflict during emergencies, and ensures your treatment preferences are respected. Regular review keeps the directive aligned with evolving health concerns and personal values.
A last will and testament designates how assets not held in a trust will be distributed, names guardians for minor children, and can appoint an executor to manage probate administration. Wills are public when filed for probate, and assets passing through a will often undergo court supervision unless other planning tools are used. Pour-over wills are designed to transfer residual assets into an existing trust. Wills should be drafted carefully to avoid ambiguity and updated after major life changes to reflect current wishes and family circumstances.
A durable financial power of attorney grants an agent authority to manage finances and make legal decisions on your behalf if you become unable to do so. This document can cover banking, bill paying, tax matters, and real estate transactions, and it remains effective even if you are incapacitated, provided the powers are drafted to be durable. Choosing a trusted agent and specifying the scope of authority protects your financial interests and prevents disruptive court-appointed conservatorships. Clear recordkeeping and communication with the appointed agent ensure smooth stewardship of your affairs.
When considering estate planning, individuals must decide whether a limited approach meets their needs or whether a comprehensive plan is appropriate. A limited approach might focus on basic documents such as a will, a power of attorney, and a health care directive to address immediate concerns. In contrast, a comprehensive plan includes trusts, beneficiary coordination, and strategies to manage incapacity and succession. The right path depends on asset complexity, family structure, privacy preferences, and long-term objectives. Evaluating the trade-offs between simplicity and thorough protection helps families choose a plan that fits their circumstances and reduces future uncertainty.
A basic estate plan can be appropriate when assets are modest, family relationships are straightforward, and beneficiaries are clearly defined. For individuals with few assets and no complex ownership arrangements, a will combined with a durable power of attorney and an advance health care directive may address immediate needs and ensure decisions can be made on their behalf. This approach helps ensure that immediate wishes are documented, provides for guardianship nominations for minor children, and allows for the orderly transfer of personal belongings without the complexity associated with trusts or specialized planning.
When most assets already have clear beneficiary designations, such as retirement accounts and life insurance, and when there is limited concern about privacy or probate timelines, a more limited planning approach can be effective. Ensuring that beneficiary forms are up to date and coordinating them with a will reduces conflicts. This path often suits those who prioritize straightforward documentation over advanced trust structures, while still providing safeguards for incapacity through powers of attorney and health care directives to maintain continuity of decision-making.
A comprehensive estate plan becomes important when assets are complex, family relationships include blended or nontraditional structures, or when privacy and probate avoidance are priorities. Trusts can manage how and when beneficiaries receive assets, protect assets from creditor claims, and provide detailed instructions for heirs. For families with children from multiple relationships or beneficiaries with special needs, trusts provide mechanisms to guard benefits and preserve family harmony. Comprehensive planning also addresses tax considerations and retirement account distributions to maximize value to beneficiaries while minimizing administrative burdens.
Comprehensive planning addresses potential incapacity and long-term care by establishing powers of attorney, advanced directives, and trust arrangements that designate who will manage finances and health care. Planning ahead can reduce the likelihood of court involvement and provide continuity for daily management and major decisions. It also allows for consideration of long-term care funding strategies and coordination of benefits to protect assets for beneficiaries. For those who want detailed control over distribution timing and conditions, comprehensive approaches provide the structure to carry out those intentions effectively and predictably.
A comprehensive estate plan offers clarity, continuity, and greater control over how assets are managed and distributed. By combining trusts, wills, and powers of attorney, you can reduce the need for probate court involvement and help protect privacy. Trusts provide mechanisms for staged distributions, asset protection in certain circumstances, and continuity in management during incapacity. Comprehensive plans also allow for targeted approaches to insurance, retirement accounts, and business succession, which can preserve value for beneficiaries and reduce friction when triggers such as incapacity or death occur.
In addition to administrative benefits, comprehensive planning helps families clarify intentions and reduce potential disputes by documenting decisions and naming responsible fiduciaries. Including advance health care directives and HIPAA authorizations ensures that medical directives are known and that appointed agents can access necessary records. For parents, naming guardians and creating trusts for minors protects the well-being and security of children. Regular reviews of a comprehensive plan also provide opportunities to adapt to life changes, ensuring the plan remains effective and aligned with current goals and legal developments.
One significant benefit of a comprehensive plan is the potential to avoid probate for assets held in trust, which preserves privacy and can expedite asset transfer to beneficiaries. Probate proceedings are public and can be time-consuming, potentially delaying support for heirs. By funding a revocable living trust and coordinating beneficiary designations, successor trustees can manage distributions without court supervision. This streamlined approach reduces administrative burdens, helps maintain family privacy, and ensures that assets pass according to your wishes with minimal public involvement and delay.
Comprehensive plans prepare for the possibility of incapacity by appointing trusted individuals to make financial and medical decisions. Durable powers of attorney and advance health care directives provide clear authority and guidance, avoiding uncertain or contentious situations. A coordinated plan also identifies successor trustees and provides documentation needed for asset management during incapacity. This clarity reduces stress for family members tasked with making decisions and ensures that financial obligations and medical preferences are honored while preserving continuity in household and financial affairs.
Begin your planning by compiling a thorough inventory of financial accounts, real property, retirement plans, insurance policies, and valuable personal items. Include account numbers, beneficiary designations, and ownership documents to clarify how each asset is titled. This organized approach simplifies decisions about what should be placed into a trust, which beneficiary designations require updating, and what assets may remain in a will. Providing clear records to the fiduciaries you appoint also helps them act efficiently and reduces the risk of delays or disputes when assets need to be managed or distributed.
Clear communication with your chosen fiduciaries and family members helps ensure your wishes are understood and that designated individuals can carry out their responsibilities effectively. Provide organized access to executed documents, account information, and contact details for professionals who assist with the plan. Consider creating a short summary of key instructions for immediate needs and a secure place for the original documents. This preparation reduces confusion during stressful times and helps appointed agents and trustees act promptly and in accordance with your intentions.
Many residents seek professional assistance because estate planning involves legal formalities and coordination across multiple documents and accounts. Professional guidance helps ensure that trusts are properly funded, wills are drafted to reflect current law, and powers of attorney are executed to remain effective when needed. For families with minor children, special needs beneficiaries, or blended households, planning helps avoid unintended outcomes and provides clear instructions for guardianship and asset management. Thoughtful planning also reduces administrative burdens for loved ones during emotionally difficult times.
Another reason to consider professional services is the complexity of modern assets, including retirement plans, business interests, and out-of-state property. Coordinating beneficiary designations, tax considerations, and trust provisions requires attention to detail to avoid conflicts and unintended tax consequences. A professional approach helps identify potential issues early, suggests practical solutions such as irrevocable life insurance trusts or retirement plan trusts when appropriate, and creates a cohesive plan that reflects personal priorities while following California law and relevant procedural requirements.
Certain life events commonly trigger the need for estate planning. Marriage, the birth of a child, divorce, acquisition of significant assets, or the diagnosis of a serious health condition all create circumstances where updated planning ensures your wishes are protected. Business ownership and care responsibilities for dependents with special needs also require tailored solutions that address continuity and financial security. Regular reviews after major milestones help keep documents current and effective, and proactivity can prevent costly court involvement or family disputes at critical moments.
Becoming a parent usually prompts the need to designate guardians and make financial arrangements for minor children. Estate planning documents such as wills and trusts provide a mechanism to appoint guardians and establish how assets will be used for a child’s care and education. Trust provisions can manage distributions over time and protect assets from unintended mismanagement. Including clear instructions and naming successor fiduciaries gives parents confidence that their children will be cared for according to their intentions.
Marriage, divorce, and blended family dynamics require careful review of estate plans to ensure beneficiaries, powers of attorney, and guardianship designations reflect current relationships. Documents executed before significant changes may no longer represent your wishes, and failing to update them can create disputes or unwanted distributions. Revising wills, trusts, and beneficiary designations after life transitions helps align legal documents with personal priorities and ensures that appointed fiduciaries are trusted individuals who will act on your behalf.
Acquiring real estate, investments, or business interests often increases the need for deliberate estate planning. These assets may require special provisions for management, succession, and distribution. Trusts and business succession strategies can ensure continuity in ownership and protect the value of the enterprise for heirs. Coordinating retirement accounts and insurance policies with a comprehensive plan reduces the chances of unintended tax consequences or contested distributions. Planning in advance provides a roadmap for preserving and transferring wealth according to your wishes.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides estate planning services tailored to Concord and Contra Costa County residents. We help clients prepare revocable living trusts, last wills and testaments, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives, along with specialized documents such as special needs trusts, pet trusts, and irrevocable life insurance trusts. Serving from San Jose, we apply practical knowledge of California procedures to help clients implement plans, transfer assets, and provide clear guidance to fiduciaries. Contact us to schedule a consultation and begin organizing your plan for peace of mind and orderly transitions.
Clients choose our firm for attentive service and a practical approach to estate planning tailored to each family’s needs. We focus on understanding your goals, clarifying options, and preparing cohesive documents that function as intended. Our process emphasizes careful drafting, coordinated implementation, and clear instructions for successor fiduciaries. Whether you need a straightforward will or a comprehensive trust-based plan, we provide guidance that helps you make informed decisions and accomplish the administrative tasks needed to put your plan into effect under California law.
We assist clients with the full range of estate planning matters, from funding revocable trusts and preparing pour-over wills to creating powers of attorney and advance health care directives. Our approach includes reviewing beneficiary designations, advising on trust administration considerations, and preparing documents for unique situations such as special needs planning, pet trusts, and Heggstad or trust modification petitions. Clients receive clear explanations of the pros and cons of available options and practical recommendations to achieve durable, workable plans for their families.
Accessibility and communication are key features of our client service. We provide straightforward timelines, help organize documents for fiduciaries, and are available to answer questions during implementation and at periodic reviews. Our goal is to make estate planning manageable and understandable so clients can focus on their lives knowing that arrangements are in place. For those with retirement accounts, life insurance, or business interests, we offer coordinated strategies to align documents and beneficiary designations with broader estate objectives.
Our process begins with a consultation to outline goals, review asset inventories, and identify family dynamics that influence planning choices. We then prepare draft documents tailored to your needs and explain implementation steps such as funding a trust and updating beneficiary forms. Execution includes notarization and witnessing where required, and we provide guidance on organizing documents and informing fiduciaries. Follow-up meetings ensure changes are incorporated and that the plan remains effective. Periodic reviews are recommended to address life changes and ensure documents reflect current intentions and legal requirements.
The first step involves gathering personal and financial information to form the basis of a tailored plan. During the initial consultation, we discuss objectives for asset distribution, incapacity planning, and guardianship. We collect details on real property, bank accounts, investments, retirement accounts, insurance policies, and business interests to determine how each asset should be held and whether trusts are appropriate. This fact-finding stage sets priorities and identifies potential issues that influence the drafting and funding strategy for your estate plan.
We begin by discussing your priorities for beneficiaries, guardianship for minors, and provisions for care in the event of incapacity. Conversations cover whether privacy, probate avoidance, or staged distributions are important, and whether any beneficiaries require special protections. Understanding these goals allows us to recommend the appropriate mix of trusts, wills, and powers of attorney. We also consider how retirement accounts and life insurance should be coordinated to support your overall objectives and reduce the potential for conflict or unintended outcomes.
After goals are clarified, we collect detailed information about assets, account ownership, and existing beneficiary designations. This step identifies assets that must be retitled or transferred into a trust and highlights accounts that require updated beneficiary forms. We also review prior documents to determine whether revisions or amendments are needed. The thorough gathering of records helps ensure that the drafted plan will function properly and that successor fiduciaries have the information they need to carry out their duties efficiently.
In the drafting phase, we prepare a coordinated set of documents that reflect your decisions, including revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives. Special documents such as special needs trusts, pet trusts, or irrevocable life insurance trusts are included when appropriate. We provide draft copies for review, explain the legal implications of each provision, and discuss any preferences for distribution timing or conditions. Revisions are made until the plan accurately reflects your intentions and practical considerations are addressed.
Trust documents are drafted to define trustee powers, successor trustee duties, and distribution terms tailored to your goals. Wills provide a safety net for assets outside the trust and nominate guardians for minor children. Ancillary documents such as certifications of trust and general assignments of assets streamline administration and provide trustee documentation without disclosing private trust terms. Clear drafting reduces ambiguity and helps fiduciaries carry out their responsibilities with confidence while minimizing the need for formal court involvement.
Final review focuses on clarity and consistency across all documents to prevent conflicts and ensure seamless administration. We verify that beneficiary designations align with trust provisions, confirm that powers of attorney grant the appropriate scope of authority, and ensure that health care directives address specific medical preferences. We discuss execution logistics, witness requirements, and steps to fund the trust so that the plan will operate as intended. This careful review reduces the likelihood of disputes and supports efficient implementation when the plan is activated.
After documents are finalized, we assist with proper execution including notarization and witness requirements. Funding the trust by retitling assets and transferring accounts is a vital step to ensure the trust achieves probate avoidance. We provide instructions for beneficiary updates and organize a final packet for successor fiduciaries. Ongoing review is encouraged to adapt the plan to life changes such as new assets, births, divorces, or changes in state law. Periodic check-ins keep the plan current and effective for future needs.
Proper execution of estate planning documents requires attention to formalities and signatures to satisfy California law. We schedule signing sessions and confirm the presence of necessary witnesses and a notary where required. Ensuring each document is executed correctly minimizes the risk that a document could be challenged or deemed invalid in a critical moment. We also provide guidance on storing originals securely and giving copies to appointed fiduciaries so that documents are accessible when they are needed most.
Funding a revocable living trust involves changing account ownership or beneficiary designations and recording deeds for real estate transfers when appropriate. We guide clients through the practical steps of retitling assets and updating account paperwork to place assets under trustee control. Proper funding is essential to avoid leaving assets subject to probate. We also recommend updating records, informing trustees of their responsibilities, and creating a clear inventory to assist with administration and to reduce confusion for successor fiduciaries during transitions.
A trust is a private arrangement that can hold and manage assets during your lifetime and distribute them after death without going through probate, provided assets are properly transferred into the trust. A revocable living trust is flexible and allows you to act as trustee while alive, naming successor trustees to step in when needed. Trusts are useful for privacy and for controlling the timing and conditions of distributions, especially for beneficiaries who might require managed distributions. A will is a public document that takes effect upon death and is processed through probate unless other planning tools apply. Wills can nominate guardians for minor children and specify distributions for assets not placed in a trust. Because wills become public during probate and may involve court supervision, many people use a will alongside a trust—often a pour-over will—to ensure any remaining assets are transferred into their trust and that guardianship and other personal wishes are documented.
Selecting agents for financial and medical decision-making involves choosing individuals who are trustworthy, available, and capable of carrying out your wishes under stressful circumstances. For financial decisions, consider someone with sound judgment and familiarity with your finances who can manage banking, bill paying, and tax matters. For medical decisions, select someone who understands your values, can advocate clearly with providers, and is willing to make difficult choices when necessary. It is helpful to discuss your preferences with chosen agents so they understand your priorities and the scope of authority you intend to grant. Designate successor agents in case the primary choice is unavailable, and ensure documentation such as durable powers of attorney and advance health care directives are properly executed and accessible. Regular communication and written guidance reduce the likelihood of conflict and help agents act confidently in your best interest.
You should review your estate plan after major life events such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, substantial changes in assets, or a change in residence. These events can alter beneficiary designations, the suitability of appointed fiduciaries, or the distribution scheme you previously established. Periodic reviews every few years are also beneficial to ensure documents reflect current law and personal preferences. Even absent major life changes, updates may be needed to address new financial accounts, property purchases, or updated beneficiary forms on retirement accounts. Regularly checking that your plan is consistent across wills, trusts, and beneficiary designations helps prevent unintended outcomes and keeps your estate plan functioning as you intended.
A pour-over will works with a trust to capture any assets that were not transferred into the trust during your lifetime, directing those assets to the trust upon your death. It acts as a safety net to ensure that any property inadvertently left out of the trust is transferred according to your trust terms, though those assets may still go through probate before they are poured into the trust. You might need a pour-over will if you have established a revocable living trust but want the convenience and privacy benefits of directing residual probate assets into the trust. It simplifies administration by centralizing distribution through the trust and ensures your overall plan remains cohesive even if some assets were not formally retitled prior to death.
Providing for a family member with special needs often requires a trust specifically designed to preserve eligibility for government benefits while enhancing quality of life. A properly drafted special needs trust can hold assets for the beneficiary’s supplemental needs without displacing public benefits such as Medi-Cal or Supplemental Security Income. The trust can cover items like education, therapies, and personal care expenses not provided by public programs. Drafting a special needs trust requires careful attention to how distributions are made and the types of expenses covered, as well as coordination with existing benefits. Naming a trustee who understands both fiduciary duties and the beneficiary’s needs ensures that funds are used appropriately. Periodic reviews help adapt the trust to changing circumstances and benefit rules to maintain the intended protections.
Funding a trust means retitling assets and transferring ownership to the trust so that those assets are governed by the trust’s terms and avoid probate. Typical steps include changing deed records for real estate, transferring bank and investment accounts, and updating ownership or beneficiary designations where appropriate. Without proper funding, the trust may not fulfill its purpose for all intended assets. Assistance with funding helps ensure that transfers are completed correctly and that accounts are aligned with the trust structure. Some assets, like retirement accounts, require different planning considerations and often remain in the original account with beneficiary designations coordinated to the trust or named individuals. A systematic review of asset ownership and beneficiary forms during implementation is essential to make the trust operative.
A trustee is the person or entity responsible for managing trust assets according to the trust terms, both during the trust creator’s lifetime if a successor trustee is needed and after the creator’s death. A trustee has fiduciary duties to act in beneficiaries’ best interests, manage investments prudently, and follow distribution instructions. Choosing a trustee involves considering trust administration responsibilities, reliability, and willingness to serve. An executor, sometimes called a personal representative, administers a decedent’s estate under a will and handles probate tasks such as paying debts and distributing assets. When a trust is properly funded, the role of executor may be limited, but many plans include both a trustee and an executor to address different types of assets. Clearly documenting powers and successor appointments helps successors carry out their roles smoothly when called upon.
A pet trust allows you to provide for the ongoing care of a companion animal by setting aside funds and naming a caregiver and a trustee to manage the funds. The trust can specify the level of care, designate a caregiver’s responsibilities, and provide distribution instructions for the animal’s care and final arrangements. In California, pet trusts are recognized and enforceable when drafted to meet statutory requirements. Establishing a pet trust includes naming a trusted caregiver and a person responsible for overseeing the funds, along with contingent arrangements in case the primary caregiver cannot serve. Clear instructions about care, veterinary decisions, and the use of funds help ensure that your companion receives consistent care aligned with your wishes throughout the animal’s life.
Key documents for incapacity planning include a durable financial power of attorney to authorize someone to manage finances and a health care directive to express medical preferences and appoint a health care agent. HIPAA authorization is also important to allow appointed agents access to medical records. These documents work together to ensure trusted individuals can act on your behalf when you cannot communicate decisions yourself. Creating these documents in advance helps avoid the need for court-appointed guardianships or conservatorships and provides clear legal authority for decision-makers. It is important to select agents who understand your goals and to provide them with copies of the documents and any relevant medical or financial information needed to act effectively on your behalf.
Beneficiary designations should be reviewed after significant life events such as marriage, divorce, birth of a child, or acquisition of new assets. Regular reviews every few years are also advisable to ensure designations match the intentions set out in your estate plan and that contingent beneficiaries are named in case the primary beneficiary cannot accept an inheritance. Failing to update beneficiary forms can lead to unintended outcomes where accounts pass to outdated or unintended individuals. Coordinating designations with trust provisions and wills reduces conflicts and simplifies administration. Keeping records of beneficiary forms and confirming that account custodian information is current helps ensure benefits are distributed as intended.
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