Planning for a beloved pet’s future is an important part of estate planning for many families in Reedley and the surrounding Fresno County communities. A pet trust is a legal arrangement that provides for the ongoing care and support of a companion animal when the owner can no longer do so. This guide explains key concepts, common scenarios, and the ways a pet trust can ensure continuity of care — from naming a caregiver and allocating funds to setting care instructions and contingency plans. Thoughtful planning helps reduce uncertainty for your pet and those who will care for them after you are gone.
Pet trusts allow owners to outline specific instructions about a pet’s daily routine, medical needs, diet, exercise, and other preferences while also designating financial resources to cover those needs. They can be standalone trusts or part of a broader estate plan, and they often include backup caregivers, instructions for transfer of ownership if allowable under local law, and directions for what should happen to remaining funds. For owners of companion animals, preparing a pet trust can bring peace of mind by preserving your pet’s standard of living and honoring the bond you share with them.
A properly drafted pet trust ensures that your companion animal receives consistent care according to your wishes and that financial resources are available to pay for that care. It minimizes disagreements among family members, clarifies caretaker responsibilities, and creates a legally enforceable mechanism to use trust funds for veterinary care, boarding, grooming, medications, and other needs. A pet trust can also establish fallback options if your primary caregiver cannot serve, protect funds from misuse, and specify directives for end-of-life care. For many pet owners, these benefits combine practical protection with emotional reassurance for the future.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides estate planning services across California with a commitment to thoughtful, client-centered planning for families and their pets. Our approach focuses on listening to your needs, explaining available options clearly, and drafting documents that reflect your intentions while complying with state law. We help clients design trusts that allocate appropriate resources for care, select responsible caregivers, and set practical instructions for daily care and medical decision-making. Our goal is to create plans that are durable, understandable, and tailored to each client’s circumstances and values.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that designates funds and instructions for the care of a companion animal. Under California law, pet trusts can be set up to provide for animals during the owner’s lifetime or after the owner’s death. The trust names a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide daily care, and it can contain detailed instructions about feeding, exercise, medical care, and other preferences. Pet trusts also address contingencies such as caregiver incapacity or relocation and can define what happens if the animal survives the caregiver or funds remain after the animal’s death.
Setting up a pet trust involves choosing the right type of trust, determining the amount of funding needed, and documenting clear caregiving and distribution instructions. Funding methods may include transferring assets directly to the trust, naming the trust as a beneficiary of accounts or life insurance, or using testamentary documents that create a trust upon death. It is important to balance practicality with protection, ensuring funds are sufficient for anticipated costs without creating unnecessary restrictions that make administration difficult. This balance helps ensure that directives are followed and that your pet’s needs are met over time.
A pet trust is an arrangement that allocates assets for an animal’s care, administered by a trustee who follows the trust’s terms. The trust will identify a caregiver to provide hands-on care and may set out preferred medical providers, acceptable living conditions, dietary requirements, and exercise routines. It also typically includes provisions for recordkeeping, reimbursement of caregiver expenses, and guidance for veterinary decision-making. Some pet owners include provisions that encourage responsible stewardship of remaining funds after the pet’s death, such as donating residual assets to an animal welfare organization or passing them to named beneficiaries under specified conditions.
Creating a pet trust generally requires selecting a trustee and caregiver, estimating the costs of ongoing care, documenting specific care instructions, and choosing how the trust will be funded. The trustee is responsible for managing and distributing funds to cover veterinarian bills, food, housing, and other expenses, while the caregiver provides day-to-day attention. Drafting also addresses contingencies, such as identifying successor caregivers, setting documentation or reporting requirements, and indicating what should happen to leftover funds after the pet’s passing. These components combine to make the trust workable and enforceable over time.
Understanding the terminology used in pet trust documents makes it easier to make informed decisions about planning. Important terms include trustee, caregiver, funding, beneficiary, successor caregiver, and remainder beneficiary. Each of these plays a distinct role: the trustee manages money, the caregiver provides daily care, funding secures resources, and remainder beneficiaries receive any leftover funds after the pet dies. Reviewing these definitions helps ensure the plan aligns with your intentions and that each participant understands their responsibilities, which reduces the chance of disputes or confusion later.
The trustee is the person or entity responsible for managing trust assets, paying expenses for the pet’s care, and ensuring the terms of the trust are followed. The trustee must keep records, handle disbursements for veterinarian visits, and coordinate with the caregiver to confirm that funds are being used appropriately. In some plans, the trustee may be a trusted family member, friend, or a professional fiduciary. Selecting someone who is dependable, organized, and willing to communicate with the caregiver and vet is essential to maintaining consistent care for the animal over time.
The caregiver is the person who provides daily, hands-on care to the animal as described in the trust. This role includes feeding, exercise, grooming, administering routine medications, transporting the animal to veterinary appointments, and providing a loving home environment. The trust can name a primary caregiver and one or more backups in case the primary person is unable to serve. Caregiver selection should consider lifestyle, proximity to current routines, and willingness to follow any special instructions you include regarding the pet’s needs and behaviors.
Funding refers to the financial resources allocated to the pet trust to cover the animal’s care. Funding options include transferring assets directly into the trust, naming the trust as a beneficiary of bank accounts or life insurance, or creating a testamentary trust that is funded at death. Determining appropriate funding involves estimating veterinary costs, food, grooming, pet insurance premiums, and potential boarding or long-term care. The trustee uses these funds to pay for expenses in accordance with the trust terms, so realistic budgeting and flexibility for unforeseen medical needs are important considerations.
A remainder beneficiary is the person or organization designated to receive any remaining trust assets after the pet dies and the trust’s obligations have been fulfilled. Owners often name a family member, friend, or a charitable organization that supports animal welfare to receive residual funds. Clear directions for the disposition of leftover assets prevent disputes and ensure that money entrusted to care for the pet is ultimately used in a manner consistent with the owner’s wishes. The remainder beneficiary should be someone or an organization the owner trusts to carry out post-pet directives.
Owners have several ways to provide for a pet: creating a pet trust, including pet care instructions in a will, or relying on informal arrangements with friends or family. Pet trusts provide a legally enforceable structure and dedicated funding for care, whereas a will may recommend a caregiver and allocate funds but often requires probate and may not be as effective at ensuring ongoing oversight. Informal arrangements are flexible but risk misunderstandings or insufficient resources. Considering these options together helps owners choose the path that best matches their goals for control, funding, and continuity of care for their animals.
A more limited approach, such as an informal agreement supplemented by a simple transfer on death designation or a brief written instruction, may be sufficient when a pet has modest care needs, a reliable caretaker is already identified, and the expected costs are low. In these situations, the owner and caregiver typically have a strong relationship, clear expectations, and the means to address medical needs as they arise. However, even in limited cases, documenting preferences and funding can prevent future misunderstandings and ensure smoother transitions should circumstances change unexpectedly.
If an owner has a trusted friend or family member who is willing and able to assume long-term responsibility for a pet and there are open conversations about financing care, less formal planning might suffice. Clear written letters of intent, gifts of personal property, or beneficiary designations on accounts can help support the caregiver. Even so, owners should consider at least outlining care instructions and backup plans so that, if the primary caregiver becomes unavailable, there is a defined path forward for the pet’s care and funding.
A formal pet trust is often advisable when an owner wants to ensure sustained financial support and legal oversight for a pet’s lifetime, especially if the animal has specialized medical needs or when there is concern about potential disputes among family members. A trust creates enforceable obligations for trustees and clear mechanisms for disbursing funds, which can be particularly important when larger sums are involved or when the owner wants to specify detailed care preferences. This structure helps maintain continuity and reduces the chance of funds being diverted away from the intended purpose.
When family circumstances are complex or the assets dedicated to pet care are significant, a detailed trust can help avoid conflicts and ensure clear accountability. Formal documentation appoints a trustee to manage funds and set out reporting requirements, which can prevent disagreements about how money is spent. Trusts can also include provisions that phase distributions, require receipts, or set professional oversight for veterinary decisions. This level of structure is particularly helpful when the owner wishes to protect the pet’s welfare across changing situations and over an extended period.
A comprehensive approach to pet planning provides legal clarity, financial protection, and peace of mind. It ensures funds are dedicated to pet care, names responsible parties with clear duties, and documents preferences for daily life and medical treatment. This reduces the likelihood of disputes and makes it easier for caregivers to access resources necessary for proper ongoing care. Comprehensive planning is especially beneficial for owners who want to preserve a particular standard of living for their animal companion and to leave little room for ambiguity after their passing or incapacity.
Comprehensive documents can also include instructions for unexpected events and mechanisms to adapt to changing circumstances, such as successor caregivers or trustee appointment methods. Clear recordkeeping requirements and reporting structures help maintain accountability and transparency, while carefully planned funding strategies help ensure longevity of resources. By anticipating future needs and potential complications, a comprehensive plan better protects both the animal and the people charged with its care, making transitions less stressful and more predictable for everyone involved.
A comprehensive trust allocates resources specifically for the pet’s needs, helping avoid disputes about how funds should be used. This financial structure allows for predictable budgeting of veterinary care, medication, food, grooming, and other regular expenses, and it offers a clear framework for handling unexpected medical events. By identifying how funds are to be managed and disbursed, a trust ensures caregivers have access to necessary resources and that the pet receives consistent and appropriate care through changing family or financial circumstances.
Comprehensive documentation provides specific instructions about diet, exercise, medical preferences, and other day-to-day matters, creating enforceable expectations for those entrusted with care. This reduces room for misinterpretation and helps caregivers make decisions aligned with the owner’s values. Trust terms can require the trustee to review expenses and coordinate with caregivers, making it easier to maintain continuity of care. Clear instructions help ensure that the pet’s routine and medical needs are honored and that the owner’s wishes are respected over time.
Selecting a caregiver is one of the most important decisions when planning a pet trust. Choose someone who understands the pet’s personality, routine, and medical needs and who is willing to follow your written instructions. It is also wise to name at least one successor caregiver in case the primary person becomes unable to serve. Discuss your wishes with potential caregivers ahead of time to ensure they are comfortable with the responsibilities, and include backup plans for relocation, emergency care, or changes in the caregiver’s circumstances to make transitions smoother for the animal.
Include specific, practical instructions about daily routines, dietary restrictions, preferred veterinary providers, exercise, and acceptable accommodations to ensure continuity of care. The more precise and realistic the instructions, the easier it will be for the caregiver to comply without ambiguity. Consider including a brief medical history, current medications, and contact information for your veterinarian. These details help caregivers make informed decisions during transitions and reduce stress for the pet by maintaining familiar patterns and trusted providers.
Pet trusts provide a reliable framework to ensure that your companion animal receives proper care if you become unable to provide for them. They offer a way to designate caregivers, fund ongoing expenses, and create enforceable instructions for daily routines and medical decisions. For owners with aging pets, animals with medical needs, or those who want to preserve a particular standard of living for their pet, trusts reduce uncertainty and help avoid disputes among family members about responsibility and resource use. This intentional planning helps protect both the animal and your relationships.
Establishing a pet trust is also useful for individuals who travel frequently, live alone, or have limited family nearby. It ensures there are clear plans and funding in place if an unexpected event occurs. A trust can be tailored to your circumstances, whether it is a modest arrangement covering routine care or a more comprehensive plan that addresses long-term medical needs and sophisticated funding methods. By planning ahead, you make it more likely that your pet’s daily needs and long-term welfare will be met consistently and compassionately.
Pet trusts are often appropriate for owners who have few local family members, pets with chronic health conditions, high-value assets set aside for pet care, or specific preferences for daily routines and medical interventions. They are also useful when owners want to avoid probate delays that can complicate transfers of funds or when there is concern about disputes among family members. In these scenarios, a trust provides structure and funding that preserve the owner’s wishes and support a stable caregiving arrangement for the animal across changing circumstances.
When a pet has ongoing medical requirements, chronic conditions, or regular medication needs, a pet trust can ensure consistent financial support and clear instructions for treatment. The trust allows for funds to be available when consultations, treatments, or medications are needed and can specify preferred veterinarians or clinics. This planning helps prevent interruptions in care and ensures the caregiver has authority and resources to seek appropriate treatment promptly, which can make a significant difference in the pet’s quality of life and continuity of care.
Owners who live far from family or who have limited local support networks often rely on carefully planned arrangements to secure their pet’s future. A pet trust can designate a local caregiver, set funding for ongoing needs, and provide fallback options should the primary caregiver be unable to serve. These measures create a reliable, accessible plan that takes into account geographic realities and ensures that someone nearby will be prepared to step in and care for your animal without delay or confusion.
When owners set aside substantial funds for a pet’s care, formalizing those intentions in a trust helps protect the money for its intended purpose. A trustee can manage investments, make timely payments for veterinary expenses, and provide accounting to ensure funds are used appropriately. This structure reduces the risk that resources will be spent on other matters and helps maintain long-term financial support for the pet. Clear trust terms and oversight provide accountability and peace of mind that funds will support the animal’s welfare as intended.
Our firm serves Reedley and surrounding areas with practical guidance for pet trust planning and broader estate planning needs. We work with owners to design documents that reflect their priorities for companion animals, help identify caregivers and trustees, and recommend funding strategies that fit each client’s circumstances. We aim to create clear, usable plans that make transitions easier for pets and the people who care for them. For owners in Reedley seeking reassurance that their pets will be cared for, a thoughtful plan can provide lasting peace of mind.
Choosing a firm to help with pet trust planning means selecting a team that listens to your goals, understands the practical needs of caring for animals, and translates those needs into clear legal documents. We focus on producing durable plans that address funding, caregiver selection, and contingency arrangements. Our approach emphasizes communication and practical solutions so that caregivers, trustees, and veterinarians can implement the plan efficiently. We work to ensure trust terms are realistic and aligned with your wishes to minimize stress during transitions.
When drafting a pet trust, attention to detail is essential in order to avoid ambiguity and to ensure funds are available when needed. We review funding options, consider tax and probate implications, and provide templates for care instructions and medical release forms. We also help coordinate with caregivers and discuss recordkeeping and reporting expectations. By anticipating common challenges and addressing them proactively, we help clients create plans that are more likely to be followed and that better protect both the animal and the people charged with its care.
Our services extend beyond initial drafting to include updates when family circumstances, pet needs, or financial situations change. Regular reviews ensure that trusts remain effective and that funding strategies continue to meet anticipated costs. We offer guidance on integrating pet trusts with broader estate plans so that your overall wishes are coordinated and clear. Whether starting from scratch or updating an existing plan, we aim to provide straightforward, reliable assistance to help you put a dependable plan in place for your companion animal.
Our process begins with an initial discussion to understand your pet’s needs, financial resources, and caregiving preferences. We then outline funding options and prepare draft trust documents that reflect the agreed terms, including caregiver and trustee roles, medical directives, and contingency plans. After review and any revisions, we finalize and execute the documents and provide guidance on funding the trust and sharing instructions with caregivers. We also recommend periodic reviews to account for changes in health, family, or finances so that the trust continues to serve your pet’s best interests.
During the initial meeting, we collect information about the pet’s age, health, daily routine, and any special needs, as well as your preferences for caregivers and funding. We discuss how a pet trust can operate alongside a will or other estate planning tools and review options for funding the trust efficiently. This stage is about clarifying goals, setting realistic expectations for funding, and identifying the people who will play roles in the plan so we can draft documents that properly reflect your intentions and practical considerations.
We explore detailed care preferences including feeding, exercise, medical providers, and emergency protocols, and then estimate funding needs based on routine costs and potential medical expenses. This helps create a budget for the trust and informs choices about whether the trust should be funded now or at death. We also discuss naming trustees and caregivers and consider successor options. Gathering these specifics is crucial so that the final trust document provides clear guidance and adequate resources for the pet’s ongoing welfare.
In this phase, we draft practical care instructions and prepare contingency plans for caregiver incapacity or relocation. Backup caregivers are identified, and the trust language addresses how funds should be used and what documentation the trustee should require for reimbursements. We also discuss whether to include periodic reporting requirements to the remainder beneficiary or other oversight measures. Clear documentation reduces ambiguity and helps ensure the caregiver and trustee can carry out their duties effectively.
After gathering necessary information, we prepare a draft pet trust tailored to your circumstances. The draft will set out trustee powers, caregiver responsibilities, funding methods, and disposition of remaining assets after the pet’s death. We provide an opportunity for you to review and request changes to ensure the language matches your intentions. This collaborative review helps refine instructions and resolve any potential issues before finalizing the documents, making sure the trust is both practical and legally sound for long-term administration.
The trust instrument outlines roles, funding mechanisms, and detailed care directives. It includes provisions for successor trustees and caregivers and specifies accounting and reporting requirements as appropriate. We draft language to be clear and enforceable while remaining flexible enough to accommodate reasonable changes in circumstances. The goal is to create a workable document that guides trustees and caregivers in making day-to-day and emergency decisions that align with the owner’s stated preferences.
Clients review the draft for clarity and completeness, and we discuss any revisions to ensure all care instructions and funding decisions reflect actual needs and preferences. During this stage we refine contingency language and confirm funding accounts and beneficiary designations as needed. The collaborative revision process reduces the likelihood of later disputes and increases confidence that the plan will function as intended when it is needed most.
Once the trust language is finalized, we execute the documents following state formalities and then assist with funding the trust through transfers, beneficiary designations, or testamentary arrangements. We provide guidance on how to provide caregivers with necessary information, medical releases, and copies of documents they may need for veterinary visits. After funding, we recommend periodic reviews to ensure the trust remains aligned with your pet’s needs and your financial situation.
Execution involves signing the trust in accordance with California legal requirements and making sure trustees and caregivers receive properly executed copies. We verify any witness or notarization steps to help ensure the document is legally effective. Clear communication at execution helps ensure everyone involved understands their roles and responsibilities and has access to the information and contacts they will need to care for the pet and manage trust funds appropriately.
Funding the trust may include transferring cash or accounts, naming the trust as a beneficiary of life insurance, or designating the trust in estate documents to receive assets at death. After funding, the trustee manages disbursements and keeps records of expenses, while the caregiver follows the trust’s care instructions. Periodic reviews and updates may be necessary to adjust funding or instructions as the pet ages, medical needs change, or family circumstances evolve, ensuring continuous alignment with the owner’s intentions.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that sets aside assets and provides written instructions for the care of a companion animal. In California, pet trusts are recognized and can be designed to take effect during an owner’s life or upon death. The trust names a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide day-to-day care, and it typically includes detailed directives for feeding, medical care, housing, and other routine matters. The trustee is responsible for disbursing funds for expenses in accordance with the trust terms and for communicating with the caregiver as needed. Creating a pet trust involves specifying funding sources, naming successor caregivers and trustees, and documenting contingency plans. The trust can include reporting or accounting requirements to promote transparency and can designate a remainder beneficiary to receive any leftover funds after the pet’s death. Properly drafted documents help ensure your pet receives consistent care and that funds are used as intended, reducing uncertainty and potential family disputes.
Determining the appropriate amount to allocate to a pet trust depends on the pet’s expected lifespan, routine care costs, and potential medical needs. Start by estimating daily and monthly expenses such as food, grooming, preventive care, and boarding, then add reasonable estimates for one-time or emergency medical costs the pet may incur over time. Consider factors like chronic conditions, the pet’s age, and breed-specific health concerns, and include a buffer for inflation and unexpected care. Many owners choose a conservative funding approach that balances realistic expectations with practical safeguards. If you are unsure, creating a mechanism for supplemental funding or periodic review can be helpful. A trustee can manage and disburse funds as needed, so flexibility in the trust can accommodate evolving medical needs while still protecting the intent that the money be used primarily for the pet’s welfare.
Yes, you can name a friend or family member to serve as caregiver and, if appropriate, as trustee; however, separating these roles is often beneficial. A caregiver handles daily, hands-on responsibilities, while a trustee manages funds and may provide oversight. Appointing different individuals for each role can reduce conflicts of interest and create checks and balances, though in some situations a single trusted individual may fill both positions effectively. Discussing responsibilities with potential appointees beforehand helps ensure they are willing and able to serve. It is also wise to name successor caregivers and trustees in case the primary individuals cannot fulfill their duties. Clear written instructions and documented expectations help minimize confusion and ensure continuity of care. When selecting people, consider their proximity to the pet, lifestyle compatibility, and capacity to handle medical or emergency situations.
If a pet outlives the designated caregiver, the trust should include successor caregiver provisions to ensure continued care. These successor options can be family members, friends, or organizations willing to assume responsibility. The trustee is responsible for locating and funding the successor caregiver according to the trust’s terms, and clear instructions help guide the transition. If no suitable successor can be found, the trust can specify alternative dispositions, such as donating remaining funds to a qualified animal welfare organization or transferring ownership under specified conditions. Including thorough contingency language reduces the likelihood of disruption and provides a plan for unforeseen circumstances. It is prudent to periodically review and update the named caregivers and successors to reflect changing circumstances so the trust remains effective, practical, and aligned with the owner’s current relationships and the pet’s needs.
Yes, a pet trust can fund both routine and emergency veterinary care, depending on how the trust is drafted. Trust language can authorize the trustee to pay for preventative treatment, vaccinations, dental care, medications, and emergency procedures. Including explicit authorization for emergency medical treatment and specifying acceptable spending thresholds or approval processes can help caregivers and veterinarians proceed quickly in urgent situations while maintaining oversight of larger expenditures. To be effective, the trust should describe the level of care you want for your pet and whether the trustee may approve costly procedures, seek second opinions, or pursue euthanasia when medically appropriate. Clear guidance about limits, preferences, and the process for significant decisions helps ensure funds are used in ways consistent with your values and the pet’s best interests.
You can fund a pet trust during your lifetime by transferring cash, investment accounts, or other assets directly into the trust. Another common approach is to name the trust as the beneficiary of a life insurance policy or a retirement account so that funds transfer to the trust at death. Funding while living allows the trustee to manage assets and prepare for the pet’s needs in advance, reducing the administrative burden on survivors and ensuring resources are readily available when needed. When funding during life, consider liquidity and ease of access for the trustee, as well as any tax or administrative implications. Coordinating beneficiary designations and account ownership with the trust document helps ensure the funding plan works smoothly. Periodic review of funding arrangements is also recommended to verify that assets remain sufficient to meet anticipated costs as the pet ages or as expenses change.
A pet trust can help avoid probate for assets that are properly transferred to the trust or designated to pass to the trust at death. Assets held in the trust during your lifetime are not subject to probate because they are owned by the trust. If you intend to fund the trust at death, naming the trust as a beneficiary of accounts or life insurance can facilitate a direct transfer that bypasses the probate process, provided the designations are correctly executed and coordinated with the trust terms. However, if funding is handled through a will rather than a trust during life, those assets may still need to pass through probate before being used for pet care. Working with legal counsel to coordinate account ownership, beneficiary designations, and the trust instrument helps minimize probate involvement and ensures funds are available to administer care promptly and efficiently.
Yes, you can and should include detailed instructions about your pet’s daily routine and medical preferences in the trust. This can cover feeding schedules, dietary restrictions, exercise needs, favorite toys, grooming routines, and instructions for handling behavioral issues. Including preferred veterinarians, one or more emergency contacts, and medical history or medication lists helps caregivers and veterinarians provide consistent, informed care and reduces stress for the animal during transitions. Additionally, you can specify preferences for medical decision-making, such as the level of intervention you would want in life-threatening situations, criteria for quality of life assessments, and whether you authorize extraordinary measures. Clear, realistic guidance helps caregivers make timely decisions aligned with your values and ensures that the trustee can authorize expenses within intended limits.
Most pet trusts name a remainder beneficiary to receive any funds remaining after the pet’s death. Owners often designate a family member, friend, or an animal welfare organization to receive residual funds. The trust should state whether leftover funds should be given outright, used for other animal care, or donated to a charitable organization. Clear instructions on the disposition of residual assets prevent disputes and ensure that money entrusted for the pet’s care is ultimately used in a manner consistent with the owner’s wishes. Including explicit secondary directions for residual funds is important because it closes the loop on planning and avoids uncertainty for trustees and caregivers. If no remainder beneficiary is named, state law may determine the disposition of remaining assets, which could yield results inconsistent with the owner’s intentions, so specifying a clear beneficiary is strongly recommended.
It is wise to review your pet trust periodically and update it when significant life changes occur, such as moves, changes in family relationships, the pet’s health, or shifts in financial circumstances. Regular reviews ensure that named caregivers and trustees remain suitable and available, that funding levels remain adequate, and that care instructions reflect current needs. Updating the trust as circumstances evolve helps maintain its effectiveness and reduces the need for emergency corrections when a transition occurs. Owners should also revisit funding arrangements, beneficiary designations, and contact information for veterinarians and caregivers. A regular review cycle, such as every few years or after major life events, helps keep the plan current and practical, ensuring your pet receives consistent care that aligns with your intentions throughout their lifetime.
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