An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) can be a powerful tool for protecting life insurance proceeds from estate taxes and ensuring beneficiaries receive intended benefits without probate delays. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help Ridgecrest families understand how an ILIT fits within a broader estate plan and how it interacts with wills, revocable living trusts, and beneficiary designations. Whether you are coordinating retirement assets or planning for long-term care costs, an ILIT can help structure life insurance ownership and distributions to match your goals and family circumstances while preserving financial privacy.
Deciding whether an ILIT is appropriate requires careful review of assets, family dynamics, and tax considerations. Our Ridgecrest-focused guidance covers trust funding, trustee selection, grantor obligations, and required notices to beneficiaries. We walk clients through the timing and administration steps that affect gift tax, generation-skipping transfer concerns, and potential creditor protection for beneficiaries. Clear communication about the client’s objectives and ongoing review of the trust terms are important to keep the arrangement aligned with changing laws and personal circumstances, so we prioritize practical planning that supports long-term goals.
An ILIT offers specific benefits to individuals who want to control life insurance proceeds outside of their probate estate, reduce estate tax exposure, and provide structured distributions to beneficiaries. By transferring ownership of a life insurance policy into a trust, the proceeds may be paid directly to the trust and managed according to the grantor’s instructions. This arrangement can help preserve the privacy of financial matters, provide creditor protection in many circumstances, and allow for tailored timing of distributions for heirs. Thoughtful trust drafting also addresses changes in family composition, special needs considerations, and coordination with other estate planning documents.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides estate planning services that include drafting and administering trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives. Serving clients across California, our firm emphasizes careful document drafting, clear explanations of tax and administrative implications, and ongoing plan maintenance. We focus on practical solutions for family asset protection and smooth transfer of wealth. When a client considers an ILIT, we evaluate the entire estate plan to ensure the trust complements retirement accounts, property ownership, and beneficiary designations while meeting the client’s objectives for privacy and distribution control.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a trust created to own and control life insurance policies outside of the grantor’s taxable estate. Once a policy is transferred into the trust, the grantor gives up direct ownership and certain controls, which can remove insurance proceeds from estate tax calculations in many situations. Establishing an ILIT involves choosing trustees, setting trust terms for distributions, and coordinating premium payments through the trust or via gifts to the trust. The trust language must be carefully drafted to ensure it delivers the intended tax and distribution results while respecting the grantor’s broader estate plan.
Proper funding and administration are important for an ILIT to work as intended. If a policy is newly purchased, the trust should be the owner from the outset; if an existing policy is transferred into the trust, gift tax rules and three-year inclusion rules may apply depending on circumstances. Trustees typically manage policy premium payments, tax reporting, and distribution of proceeds. A well-structured ILIT also addresses the needs of minor beneficiaries, beneficiaries with disabilities, and potential creditors. Regular review of the trust and maintenance of trust records help preserve the intended benefits over time.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a legal entity created to hold a life insurance policy for the benefit of named beneficiaries under terms set by the grantor. The trust owns the policy, names the policy beneficiary, and sets rules for how proceeds are distributed after the insured’s death. Because the grantor no longer owns the policy, the proceeds are typically excluded from the grantor’s probate estate, which can reduce estate taxes and simplify asset transfer. The trust also specifies trustee powers, distribution timing, and conditions to meet the grantor’s intent and family needs.
Creating an ILIT involves a series of deliberate steps: drafting trust provisions to meet planning goals, selecting a trustee and successor trustees, funding the trust with the policy or arranging for new coverage owned by the trust, and establishing a funding mechanism for premium payments. Many clients use gift transfers or annual exclusion gifts to provide the trustee with funds to pay premiums. Trustees must maintain careful records and provide required notices to beneficiaries when gifts are made that trigger rights to withdraw. Attention to timing and documentation is necessary to avoid unintended tax consequences.
Understanding terminology is important when working with trust documents and insurance policies. Terms like grantor, trustee, beneficiary, insurable interest, and Crummey notice appear frequently in ILIT planning. Each concept affects ownership, taxation, and administration of the trust. Clear definitions help clients make informed choices about trusteeship, funding strategies, and distribution provisions. Reviewing these terms with a knowledgeable attorney can demystify the process and support informed decision making when creating or modifying an ILIT within a broader estate plan.
An ILIT is a trust established to own life insurance policies with terms that are not easily changed by the grantor after creation. Its primary purpose is to keep life insurance proceeds out of the grantor’s estate for tax and probate purposes, and to provide structured distributions to beneficiaries. The trust agreement sets trustee authorities, distribution rules, and beneficiary designations. Proper implementation requires careful funding, attention to gift tax rules, and administration that follows the trust terms so the intended benefits are preserved for heirs and other beneficiaries.
The grantor is the individual who establishes the trust and transfers ownership of the life insurance policy into it. The trustee is the person or institution responsible for managing the trust assets and carrying out the grantor’s instructions. Trustee duties include paying premiums, managing trust funds, providing notices to beneficiaries, and distributing proceeds according to trust provisions. Choosing an appropriate trustee requires balancing trustworthiness, availability, administrative ability, and familiarity with trust and insurance matters to ensure proper ongoing administration.
A Crummey notice is a written notification to trust beneficiaries that informs them of a gift to the trust and their limited right to withdraw that gift for a defined period. This notice is commonly used when the grantor makes annual exclusion gifts to the ILIT to fund policy premiums, allowing the gift to qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion. Properly drafted notices and timely administration of withdrawal periods are important to maintain the tax treatment of the gifts and to prevent disputes among beneficiaries about trust contributions.
Insurable interest refers to the legal and financial relationship that justifies owning life insurance on another individual. When transferring an existing policy into an ILIT or purchasing a policy owned by the trust, the initial insurable interest rules must be respected to avoid policy challenges. Ownership of the policy shifts to the trust when properly transferred or purchased by the trust, and that change in ownership can affect tax treatment, policy loans, and premium payment obligations. Clear documentation of ownership and funding sources helps prevent administrative complications.
When planning life insurance placement, individuals often choose between minimal interventions and a full trust-based approach. A limited approach might include simple beneficiary designations or partial coordination with existing estate documents, which can be faster and less costly but may leave gaps related to estate taxes, creditor exposure, or distribution control. A comprehensive ILIT addresses those concerns through tailored trust terms and funding strategies. The right approach depends on asset levels, family needs, and long-term planning goals, so comparing options in light of personal circumstances is essential.
For individuals with modest estates and straightforward family situations, maintaining current beneficiary designations and a basic will or revocable trust can meet planning needs without creating an ILIT. If the primary goal is to ensure a loved one receives life insurance proceeds quickly and there are no substantial estate tax concerns, a limited approach can be practical. It is still important to confirm that beneficiary designations match the rest of the estate plan, that contingent beneficiaries are named, and that family members understand where to find policy information to facilitate prompt payment upon the insured’s death.
When the projected estate value falls well below federal and state estate tax thresholds and there is limited concern about potential creditors of beneficiaries, a limited planning approach may be suitable. In such cases, the administrative costs and permanence of an ILIT might outweigh the benefits. Carefully reviewing potential exposure, beneficiary needs, and other assets helps determine whether a trust is necessary. Even with a limited approach, updating documents and confirming beneficiary designations are current remains an important step to avoid unintended consequences.
A comprehensive ILIT is often recommended where estate tax exposure is a real concern or when the insured wants to control timing and manner of beneficiary distributions. By removing life insurance proceeds from the taxable estate, an ILIT can preserve more of the estate for heirs and help avoid probate-related delays. The trust can specify income or principal distribution guidelines, protecting assets from mismanagement and aligning distributions with beneficiaries’ ages, needs, and long-term financial security while supporting the grantor’s intentions for how proceeds are used.
An ILIT can provide an extra layer of protection from certain creditor claims and ensure benefits are used for designated purposes, such as education or care for a beneficiary with special circumstances. When beneficiaries face potential creditor exposure or when the grantor wants to limit direct access to lump-sum payouts, the trust structure gives the grantor control over distribution timing and conditions. This approach is particularly helpful in blended families, situations involving beneficiaries with disabilities, or when asset protection and intergenerational planning are priorities.
A comprehensive ILIT can produce several practical benefits: optimized tax treatment, smoother transfer of insurance proceeds, enhanced privacy by avoiding probate records, and the ability to provide structured financial support to beneficiaries. The trust can be written to address unique family needs, coordinate with retirement plans and real property holdings, and minimize administrative burdens after the insured’s death. Comprehensive planning involves anticipating future changes and including provisions for successor trustees and procedures for trust administration to help carry out the grantor’s wishes efficiently.
Additionally, a well-drafted ILIT can assist with multi-generational planning by incorporating generation-skipping transfer provisions and by coordinating with other vehicles such as revocable trusts and retirement account beneficiary designations. It also helps ensure that life insurance proceeds are used as intended, whether for paying debts, providing for minor children, funding education, or supporting dependents with special needs. Proper coordination and periodic review make sure that the trust remains consistent with tax law changes and family circumstances over time.
A thorough ILIT allows the grantor to specify how proceeds are distributed, protecting assets from immediate depletion or mismanagement. Trust terms can define ages for full distribution, create staggered payments tied to milestones, or allocate funds for particular needs like education or medical care. This level of control supports long-term stewardship of the payout and helps align financial resources with beneficiaries’ life stages and responsibilities. Carefully worded provisions also reduce ambiguity and potential disagreements among heirs after the insured’s death.
When an ILIT is properly structured and funded, life insurance proceeds are generally excluded from the grantor’s probate estate, which can result in estate tax savings and faster distribution to beneficiaries. Keeping the policy outside probate helps preserve privacy and can reduce administrative costs associated with probating an estate. Coordinating the ILIT with other estate planning documents and beneficiary designations ensures consistent treatment of assets and helps prevent unintended tax outcomes or disputes that might arise from inconsistent instructions across different documents.
Make sure beneficiary designations on insurance policies, retirement accounts, and other assets are consistent with the ILIT and your overall estate plan. Inconsistent beneficiary designations can undermine trust objectives and create conflicts upon the insured’s death. Review policy ownership, named beneficiaries, and contingent beneficiaries to confirm that the trust will receive proceeds as intended. Regular checks, especially after major life events such as marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child, help preserve the effectiveness of the ILIT arrangement and reduce the chance of unexpected outcomes.
Select a trustee who is trustworthy, organized, and capable of handling administrative tasks such as paying premiums, filing tax forms, and communicating with beneficiaries. The trustee can be an individual or a corporate fiduciary, depending on the complexity of the trust and the needs of beneficiaries. Provide successor trustee provisions in the trust document, and include guidance about compensation, recordkeeping, and investment policies. Clear trustee authority and accessible records make it easier to manage the trust and ensure that proceeds are distributed according to the grantor’s intentions.
Consider an ILIT if you want to remove life insurance proceeds from your taxable estate, provide structured distributions for beneficiaries, or increase privacy and administrative efficiency for insurance payouts. It is commonly used in married couples’ plans, blended family arrangements, or when a grantor wants to protect proceeds from creditors or improper use. ILITs are also appropriate when there are concerns about special needs beneficiaries or when proceeds need to be managed over time. Evaluating family goals and financial circumstances helps determine whether an ILIT is a good fit.
An ILIT may also be beneficial when coordinating life insurance with retirement accounts or business succession plans where liquidity is needed to settle obligations. If you anticipate that estate taxes could reduce the value passed to heirs, placing a policy in an ILIT can preserve more assets for beneficiaries. Because the trust is irrevocable, it requires thoughtful planning and consideration of the long-term implications. Regular review with legal counsel helps ensure the trust continues to meet client objectives and responds to changing laws and family needs.
Typical circumstances that lead clients to consider an ILIT include high net worth estates facing potential estate tax exposure, blended families wishing to control how life insurance proceeds are allocated, parents or guardians who want to provide for minor children, and families with a beneficiary who has special financial needs. Business owners may use ILITs to provide liquidity for succession planning, while others adopt ILITs to insulate insurance proceeds from creditor claims. Assessing these circumstances alongside overall estate planning goals clarifies whether an ILIT will help achieve desired outcomes.
When the size of an estate suggests potential exposure to estate taxes, placing life insurance in an ILIT can be an effective strategy to provide liquidity outside the taxable estate. This approach helps beneficiaries cover tax liabilities without the need to sell assets. The trust’s terms can also direct how funds are used, whether to provide income, pay debts, or fund specific needs. Evaluating projected estate tax impacts and timing considerations ensures that the ILIT is structured to deliver anticipated tax and distribution benefits.
In blended family situations, an ILIT helps ensure life insurance proceeds are distributed in accordance with the grantor’s wishes, protecting interests of children from prior relationships while providing for a surviving spouse. By setting precise distribution terms, the trust reduces ambiguity and the potential for disputes among heirs. This planning tool can preserve family harmony and provide financial security across generations, particularly when combined with other estate planning measures that specify property ownership and beneficiary designations.
For beneficiaries who may require long-term financial management due to disability or other needs, an ILIT can provide structured support without jeopardizing eligibility for government benefits. The trust can specify distributions for health care, housing, education, and other necessities while protecting funds from creditors and mismanagement. Properly drafted provisions tailored to individual circumstances help balance access to funds with safeguards to preserve benefits and provide stability for vulnerable family members over time.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides practical guidance to Ridgecrest and Kern County residents seeking ILIT planning and related estate documents. We assist with drafting trust instruments, coordinating policy ownership and funding, preparing necessary notices, and advising on trustee duties. Our approach emphasizes clarity, thorough documentation, and ongoing plan reviews to keep the trust aligned with evolving family needs and legal considerations. Clients can expect straightforward explanations and careful attention to administrative details that support reliable trust administration when needed.
Choosing a law firm for ILIT planning means selecting a team that takes a comprehensive view of your estate plan and coordinates trust provisions with wills, powers of attorney, and beneficiary designations. We focus on practical drafting to accomplish client goals and on creating administration procedures that trustees can follow easily. By addressing funding, trustee selection, and distribution mechanics upfront, the firm helps reduce the risk of unintended tax or administrative outcomes and supports a smoother transfer of assets when the time comes.
Our firm emphasizes ongoing plan maintenance, encouraging periodic reviews to ensure that the ILIT and related documents remain appropriate as family circumstances and laws change. We help clients understand options for premium funding, trustee roles, and beneficiary communications, and we provide clear guidance on how to maintain records and notices that support the ILIT’s intended tax treatment. Clients receive practical steps to implement the trust and maintain its effectiveness over time in alignment with their goals.
We also provide coordination with other estate planning tools such as revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and documents addressing guardianship nominations. This comprehensive approach helps ensure that life insurance planning integrates smoothly with broader asset protection, incapacity planning, and legacy goals. Clear documentation and a thoughtful trust structure make administration more predictable and support the grantor’s intent for how proceeds are managed and distributed.
Our process begins with a careful review of your existing estate plan, insurance policies, and family objectives, followed by tailored recommendations for trust provisions, trustee selection, and funding strategies. We explain tax and administrative implications, prepare the trust documents, assist with transferring policy ownership if appropriate, and guide the execution of beneficiary notices and funding gifts. After creation, we provide instructions for trustee recordkeeping and premium funding to help preserve the intended tax and distribution outcomes of the ILIT over time.
During the initial meeting we gather information about existing policies, asset values, family relationships, and planning goals. This review includes checking beneficiary designations, ownership arrangements, and any anticipated estate tax exposures. We discuss whether to purchase new coverage owned by the trust or transfer an existing policy, and outline the implications of each choice. This phase establishes a clear plan for drafting the trust and coordinating funding to achieve the client’s objectives while minimizing administrative surprises.
Collecting policy statements, beneficiary forms, and records of existing estate planning documents is an important early step. We review these materials to identify whether ownership needs to be shifted, whether beneficiary designations conflict with trust objectives, and whether premium funding mechanisms are in place. Clear documentation enables accurate drafting and reduces the risk of unintended tax or administrative results, so we work with clients to assemble comprehensive records and explain what information trustees will need to administer the ILIT effectively.
Evaluating funding options and potential tax consequences helps determine the best path forward, whether that means gifting funds to the trust to cover premiums or transferring ownership of an existing policy. We explain gift tax rules, the three-year inclusion period for certain transfers, and the role of annual exclusion gifts and Crummey notices. This evaluation informs the trust language and the timing of transfers to ensure that the ILIT accomplishes its intended effects while minimizing negative tax outcomes.
Once the plan is set, we prepare the trust document with clear trustee powers, distribution instructions, and beneficiary designations. We coordinate the execution of the trust, the transfer or issuance of life insurance policy ownership to the trust, and any required beneficiary notices or gift documentation. Proper execution and recordkeeping at this stage are essential to establish the trust’s intended tax position and to provide trustees with the authority and guidance needed to manage the policy and any distributions.
We draft provisions that address trustee duties, successor trustee appointments, distribution standards, and specific conditions for payouts. Clear guidance in the trust reduces ambiguity and provides trustees with concrete instructions for premium payments and beneficiary communications. The document also outlines administrative steps for recordkeeping, tax reporting, and procedures for handling policy loans or changes in coverage, which helps trustees fulfill their responsibilities and carry out the grantor’s intentions faithfully.
After signing the trust, transferring an existing policy into the trust or having the trust purchase new coverage requires correct documentation and communication with the insurance company. We assist with ownership change forms, beneficiary updates, and instructions for trustee premium payments. When gifts are used to fund premiums, Crummey notices and clear records support the desired tax treatment. Proper coordination with insurers and careful recordkeeping during this stage help avoid administrative problems later on.
Following trust funding and policy ownership transfer, trustees must manage premium payments, maintain records, issue required notices, and prepare for eventual distribution of proceeds. We provide instruction for trustees on these responsibilities and help establish processes for reporting and recordkeeping. Periodic reviews of the trust and associated documents are recommended to adapt to life changes and legal updates. Ongoing attention helps preserve the intended benefits and ensures that the trust continues to reflect the grantor’s goals over time.
Trustees should keep detailed records of premium payments, gifts to the trust, Crummey notices provided to beneficiaries, and any communications with the insurance company. Accurate documentation supports tax reporting and demonstrates that annual exclusion gifts were properly handled. Trustees should also understand procedures for policy loans, payouts, and distribution instructions so they can act consistently with the trust terms. Clear recordkeeping simplifies administration and helps minimize disputes or misunderstandings among beneficiaries.
Regularly reviewing the ILIT and related estate planning documents is important to ensure they remain aligned with family circumstances and current law. Changes such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, or significant changes in asset values may require adjustments elsewhere in the estate plan, even though the trust itself is irrevocable. Periodic updates to beneficiary designations for non-trust assets and clear communication with trustees help preserve the overall effectiveness of the plan and anticipate administrative needs when the insured passes away.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a legal arrangement where the trust owns and controls a life insurance policy on the grantor, with proceeds payable to the trust for the benefit of named beneficiaries. The trust terms specify who receives distributions, when those distributions occur, and any conditions or protections attached to those payments. Because the grantor gives up ownership of the policy, proceeds are typically kept out of the grantor’s probate estate, which can simplify administration and help align distributions with the grantor’s objectives. People consider an ILIT when they want to control how life insurance proceeds are managed, provide for heirs without probate delays, or coordinate insurance with broader estate and tax planning. The decision is influenced by the size of the estate, family needs, and the desire to protect proceeds from potential mismanagement or creditor claims. Proper drafting, funding, and trustee guidance are essential to achieve intended benefits.
Transferring a life insurance policy into an ILIT can remove the policy proceeds from the grantor’s taxable estate, potentially reducing estate tax exposure for beneficiaries. The key is that the policy must be owned by the trust at the time of the insured’s death and not considered part of the grantor’s estate for estate tax purposes. However, transfers made shortly before death may still be included in the estate under certain rules, so timing and proper implementation matter. Other considerations include gift tax implications when funding premiums and the need for accurate recordkeeping to support a favorable tax outcome. Reviewing policy ownership, transfer timing, and funding strategies helps ensure that the ILIT delivers the anticipated estate tax and probate advantages while complying with applicable tax rules.
Because the trust is irrevocable, the grantor generally cannot unilaterally modify the trust terms after it is created. This permanence is part of what enables the ILIT to achieve certain tax and creditor protections. However, in some circumstances, changes may be possible through carefully structured agreements, decanting procedures, or court petitions depending on state law and the trust’s terms. Such modifications should be evaluated carefully, since they may have tax consequences or affect the trust’s intended protections. Before establishing an ILIT, it is important to consider long-term implications and draft provisions that anticipate potential future needs, such as successor trustee powers and contingencies for changing family circumstances. Periodic consultation can help determine whether any limited adjustments are advisable and lawful.
A trustee should be someone who is trustworthy, organized, and capable of handling the administrative responsibilities required by the trust. Typical duties include paying premiums, maintaining records of gifts and payments, issuing Crummey notices if annual exclusion gifts are used, communicating with beneficiaries, and distributing proceeds according to the trust terms. The trustee should also be able to follow tax reporting obligations when necessary and coordinate with insurance companies. Clients sometimes choose a family member, a close friend, or a corporate fiduciary as trustee depending on the complexity of the trust and the availability of a reliable administrator. Clear instructions about trustee powers, compensation, and successor trustees reduce ambiguity and assist with smooth trust administration over time.
A Crummey notice is a written communication to beneficiaries informing them of a gift to the trust and giving them a limited period to withdraw that gift. The notice is used so that annual gifts made to the ILIT qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion. Without proper notices and withdrawal rights, gifts to the trust might not receive exclusion treatment, which could have gift tax implications for the grantor. Issuing Crummey notices requires good recordkeeping and adherence to the withdrawal periods specified in the trust. Trustees should document notices and beneficiary responses, if any, to support the tax treatment of the gifts and to maintain a transparent administrative trail for the trust.
Once a policy is owned by the ILIT, premiums are typically paid by the trust using funds given to the trust by the grantor or other donors. A common approach is for the grantor to make annual exclusion gifts to the trust for the specific purpose of covering premiums, accompanied by Crummey notices to beneficiaries. Alternatively, the trust can own and directly pay premiums if it has independent funding resources. Careful coordination of gifts, notices, and trustee actions is necessary to maintain the desired tax treatment. Trustees must document premium payments and gifts, keep communication records, and ensure premiums are paid on time to avoid policy lapse or unintended tax consequences that could undermine the trust’s objectives.
An ILIT can provide a layer of protection from the creditors of the grantor because the trust owns the policy, not the grantor. After the trust receives proceeds, distributions can be structured to limit direct access by beneficiaries and to protect funds from certain creditor claims. The degree of protection depends on the trust terms, state law, and the timing of transfers, so results can vary. Protection from beneficiaries’ creditors is more complex and depends on how the trust distributes funds and whether distributions are made outright. Carefully drafting spendthrift provisions and distribution conditions can increase protection, but trustees must also be mindful of legal limits and the balance between beneficiary needs and creditor considerations.
Transferring an existing life insurance policy into an ILIT involves completing ownership transfer paperwork with the insurer and documenting the gift for tax purposes. If the policy is transferred shortly before the insured’s death, the proceeds may still be included in the grantor’s estate under a three-year inclusion rule, which can undermine the intended estate tax benefits. Because of this, timing and documentation are important when transferring existing policies. You should also consider whether policy loans, cash values, or other policy features affect the transfer. Trustees and grantors need to coordinate premium funding and maintain careful records to support the transfer and ongoing administration so that the trust functions as planned when benefits become payable.
An ILIT works alongside other estate planning documents like wills and revocable living trusts to ensure consistent treatment of assets and beneficiaries. While a will controls probate assets and a revocable trust can handle a wide range of property during incapacity and at death, life insurance owned by an ILIT bypasses probate and is managed under the trust’s terms. Coordinating these documents prevents conflicting instructions and ensures the overall plan reflects the grantor’s intentions. During estate plan reviews, we verify beneficiary designations and update related documents so that non-trust assets pass according to current wishes. Proper coordination across documents helps avoid unintended outcomes and provides a coherent plan for asset distribution and administration.
Review ILITs and related estate planning documents whenever there are major life events such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, significant asset changes, or changes in tax law. Because an ILIT is irrevocable, the initial drafting must anticipate future needs, but periodic review of coordination with other documents and of trustee procedures remains important. Regular check-ins help identify whether funding mechanisms remain appropriate and whether beneficiary designations outside the ILIT still align with the trust’s objectives. Even absent major events, a regular review every few years can ensure that records are current, trustees are able to fulfill duties, and any necessary steps to maintain the trust’s effectiveness are taken. Ongoing maintenance protects the integrity of the plan and helps ensure the grantor’s intentions are followed.
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