If you live in Avenal and are planning for the future, solid estate planning creates an orderly path for your assets, health care decisions, and loved ones’ care. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help families design trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and directives that reflect individual values and practical needs. This page explains common estate planning tools, how they work in California, and the choices available so you can make informed decisions. Whether updating documents after life changes or creating a plan for the first time, clear guidance reduces uncertainty and protects your intentions.
Estate planning is more than paperwork; it is a process that clarifies how your assets should be managed and distributed, how medical decisions should be handled if you cannot speak for yourself, and who will care for dependents. For Avenal residents, local laws and county procedures can affect timelines and filings. This overview outlines trust options, wills, advance directives, and related filings such as trust certifications and pour-over wills. We focus on practical steps and common scenarios to help you prepare documents that reflect your wishes while minimizing administrative burdens for those you leave behind.
Creating a thoughtful estate plan protects your financial legacy and eases decision-making for family members during difficult times. Properly drafted trusts and wills can streamline the transfer of assets, reduce administration delays, and address privacy concerns by avoiding unnecessary court involvement. Advance health care directives and powers of attorney ensure your medical and financial preferences are followed if you are incapacitated. In addition, planning now helps manage potential tax consequences, supports long-term care planning, and clarifies guardianship choices for minor children or vulnerable adults, giving you and your family greater peace of mind.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman offers comprehensive estate planning services to clients throughout San Jose, Avenal, and surrounding California communities. Our approach emphasizes clear communication, careful document preparation, and practical planning tailored to each client’s goals. We prepare revocable living trusts, wills, powers of attorney, advance directives, and related trust documents while guiding clients through required filings and actions to preserve control and privacy. We work with families to address special circumstances such as planning for beneficiaries with special needs, business succession, and conservation of retirement assets, always focused on creating durable and effective plans.
Estate planning involves several legal documents and processes that work together to manage your finances, designate decision-makers, and provide for beneficiaries. A revocable living trust holds assets and can be managed during your lifetime, reducing the need for probate for many assets at death. A last will and testament names an executor and provides backup instructions for property not placed into a trust. Powers of attorney designate agents to act on your behalf for financial matters, while advance health care directives appoint decision-makers for medical care. Together these documents establish continuity, designate fiduciaries, and provide clear instructions that courts and institutions can implement.
Beyond individual documents, estate planning considers how assets are titled, beneficiary designations on retirement accounts, and ownership interests in businesses or real property. Some plans include irrevocable trusts for asset protection, life insurance trusts to remove proceeds from taxable estates, and special needs trusts to protect government benefits for vulnerable beneficiaries. Documents such as certification of trust and pour-over wills support the administration of trust assets and clarify how institutions should handle accounts. Effective planning anticipates potential changes, allows for periodic review, and includes provisions for trustee succession and trust modification when circumstances evolve.
A revocable living trust is a legal arrangement that holds assets under a trustee’s control for the benefit of named beneficiaries and can be changed during the grantor’s lifetime. A last will and testament sets out how remaining assets should be distributed and names guardians for minor children. Financial powers of attorney permit trusted agents to handle banking, investments, or property matters, and advance health care directives articulate medical preferences and appoint someone to make health decisions. Additional documents include certification of trust to simplify proof of trust existence, general assignments to fund trusts, and pour-over wills to transfer residual assets into the trust.
Typical estate planning begins with an inventory of assets, beneficiaries, and potential heirs, followed by discussion of goals such as privacy, tax planning, and family care. Attorneys draft and review documents tailored to those objectives, verify account ownership and beneficiary designations, and prepare any necessary deeds or assignments to fund trusts. After execution, important steps include distributing copies to agents and trustees, recording or funding assets where appropriate, and establishing protocols for document storage. Periodic review is recommended to reflect changes in family, finances, or law, and clients should be guided through administrative steps following a passing or incapacity of a loved one.
Understanding common terminology helps you participate confidently in planning discussions and make informed choices. Terms such as trust, will, trustee, grantor, beneficiary, probate, and power of attorney have distinct legal meanings and practical consequences for how assets and decisions are managed. This glossary highlights frequently used phrases and how they apply in California, so you can recognize the legal role documents play, what filings may be required, and which choices will affect privacy, timing, and administrative workload for those who handle your estate.
A revocable living trust is a flexible arrangement where the grantor places assets into a trust managed by a trustee for named beneficiaries, retaining the ability to modify or revoke the trust during their lifetime. The primary benefits include streamlined asset transfers, potential avoidance of probate for assets properly titled, and clearer management during incapacity if successor trustees are named. In California, funding the trust by retitling assets and updating beneficiary designations is an important step. A trust still requires careful administration, recordkeeping, and periodic review to ensure it accomplishes the grantor’s intentions as circumstances change.
A pour-over will is designed to transfer any assets not previously placed into a trust into that trust at death. This document acts as a safety net to ensure assets discovered after trust funding or assets inadvertently left out are collected and administered according to trust terms. While a pour-over will still goes through probate for the assets it transfers, it helps centralize estate administration under the trust’s provisions and beneficiaries. Proper planning seeks to minimize reliance on a pour-over will by funding trusts during life, but it remains a useful backstop to capture unallocated property.
A last will and testament expresses how a person wishes their remaining property to be distributed and typically names an executor to carry out those instructions. Wills can also nominate guardians for minor children and set out funeral or burial preferences. Wills generally must go through probate to effect transfers of assets titled in the decedent’s name alone. Because probate is a public legal process, many individuals choose to combine wills with trusts to preserve privacy and manage different types of assets more efficiently, while retaining a will as a complementary document for property not in trust.
An advance health care directive sets out your wishes for medical care and names a health care agent to make decisions if you cannot. It may include preferences about life-sustaining treatment and organ donation. A financial power of attorney appoints an agent to manage banking, investment, bill-paying, and other financial matters on your behalf during incapacity. Both documents reduce uncertainty by assigning trusted decision-makers and providing clear instructions to family and medical providers. Regular review ensures agents remain available and instructions reflect current values and circumstances.
When choosing an estate planning approach, individuals often weigh the benefits and trade-offs of a limited plan versus a comprehensive plan. Limited plans might consist primarily of a will and basic powers of attorney and may suit those with simple estates and few assets outside beneficiary-designated accounts. Comprehensive plans typically include a living trust, pour-over will, advanced directives, and coordinated beneficiary and account titling to reduce probate and streamline administration. The decision should consider asset complexity, privacy preferences, family dynamics, and the desire to minimize administrative burdens for heirs while addressing potential incapacity.
A limited plan may be suitable when most assets pass by beneficiary designation or joint ownership and there are few or no complex property interests to coordinate. For example, if retirement accounts and life insurance policies are properly titled with clear beneficiaries, and real property is jointly held, the need for a trust may be reduced. In such situations, a will and powers of attorney can address guardianship and fill gaps without creating the administrative tasks associated with trust funding. Periodic review remains important to ensure beneficiary designations remain current and reflect life changes.
A limited approach can be appropriate for individuals with modest estates and no need for sophisticated tax planning, business succession arrangements, or protections for beneficiaries with special needs. When assets are straightforward, probate may be manageable and cost-effective relative to the time and resources needed to fund and maintain a trust. However, even in simple cases it is valuable to confirm account ownership and beneficiary designations and to prepare powers of attorney and advance directives so someone trusted can act on your behalf if needed and avoid uncertainty for family members.
A comprehensive plan is often appropriate when individuals hold multiple real estate properties, business interests, retirement accounts, or other assets that would otherwise require lengthy probate proceedings. Using a living trust can help avoid probate for assets properly titled and provide greater privacy because trust terms generally remain out of public court records. For those who value faster asset distribution, clearer continuity of management during incapacity, or structured procedures for successor trustees, a fully coordinated plan reduces administrative burdens and better preserves family privacy and continuity.
Comprehensive planning is beneficial when beneficiaries include individuals with disabilities or special needs, when long-term care planning is a concern, or when there are blended-family dynamics that require careful allocation of assets. Tools such as special needs trusts and irrevocable life insurance trusts can protect government benefits while providing for a loved one’s care, and retirement plan trusts can preserve tax-favored accounts. Detailed provisions for trustee succession and specific beneficiary distributions help ensure that outcomes reflect the grantor’s intent while addressing long-term financial and caregiving realities.
A comprehensive estate plan offers predictability and clarity for your family by centralizing instructions and naming who will manage assets and make decisions. By coordinating trusts, wills, beneficiary designations, and powers of attorney, the plan reduces the risk of conflicting documents and streamlines administration after incapacity or death. Careful titling and funding of trusts can minimize or avoid probate, expedite distributions, and preserve privacy. Well-designed plans also address how to handle digital assets, business succession, and tax-efficient strategies where appropriate, supporting a smoother transition for heirs and fiduciaries.
Beyond asset distribution, a comprehensive plan provides mechanisms for ongoing care and management, such as successor trustees who can step in if the original trustee is unable to serve, and directives that ensure medical and financial decisions align with your preferences. Including special provisions for vulnerable beneficiaries protects eligibility for public benefits while providing supplemental support. Regular reviews and updates keep the plan aligned with changing laws and life circumstances. Overall, the thorough approach helps reduce stress and uncertainty for family members who will carry out post‑life or incapacity responsibilities.
One major benefit of a comprehensive plan is uninterrupted management of assets if you become incapacitated. When trusts are funded and successor trustees are named, fiduciaries can manage property and financial affairs without court appointment, avoiding delays and public proceedings. This continuity protects asset values and reduces administrative costs that can arise from probate or conservatorship processes. Clear delegation of authority through durable powers of attorney and trust provisions ensures everyday decisions about bills, investments, and property maintenance continue seamlessly for the benefit of you and your family.
Comprehensive planning allows precise control over when and how beneficiaries receive assets, which can protect younger or financially inexperienced heirs and preserve benefits for individuals with disabilities through tailored trust arrangements. It also creates opportunities to address tax considerations, protect retirement accounts, and coordinate life insurance proceeds to meet long-term needs. Carefully drafted trust terms can set spending parameters, allocate funds for education or care, and maintain flexibility for changing circumstances while keeping the principal intact for future generations.
Begin your planning by listing all assets, account numbers, property addresses, retirement accounts, insurance policies, and business interests. This inventory helps determine which assets should be titled in a trust, which require beneficiary designation updates, and which may need deed transfers. Including digital assets and login information makes administration smoother. A current inventory reduces the chance of overlooked property and speeds up the process for those who manage your affairs. Updating the inventory periodically ensures your plan reflects recent purchases, sales, or changes in account ownership.
Select trustees, agents, and executors who are responsible, available, and willing to serve, and name alternates if primary choices are unable to act. Discuss your choices and general wishes with those you appoint so they understand responsibilities and where to find important documents. Open communication reduces the potential for disputes and ensures that decision-makers are prepared to act when needed. Also include instructions about funeral preferences, location of documents, and contact information for financial and legal advisors to help fiduciaries perform their duties effectively.
Estate planning provides clarity and control over how your assets will be handled, who will make decisions for you in case of incapacity, and how dependents will be provided for. Residents of Avenal face local administrative processes and county filing requirements that are best navigated with careful document preparation and coordination of account ownership. By engaging in planning, you reduce uncertainty for family members, protect privacy, and help ensure that your wishes are followed. Planning is especially helpful during major life changes such as marriage, divorce, parenthood, retirement, or business transitions.
Another reason to plan is to provide tailored solutions for beneficiaries with special needs, address blended family concerns, or prepare for potential long-term care needs. Documents like special needs trusts and life insurance planning can be incorporated to protect benefit eligibility and preserve resources for ongoing care. Additionally, comprehensive planning can preserve retirement benefits and minimize administrative burdens for heirs. Thoughtful arrangements today make the process smoother for loved ones and help secure financial outcomes that align with your values.
People typically seek estate planning after significant life events such as marriage, the birth of a child, divorce, acquiring real estate or business interests, or following a change in financial circumstances. Aging parents often pursue plans to prepare for potential incapacity, while those with adult children or blended families seek to structure inheritances to reflect family goals. Individuals with beneficiaries who rely on public benefits turn to tailored trust arrangements. In all these situations, having a clear and coordinated plan reduces family conflict and administrative delays during challenging times.
New parents should prepare documents that designate guardians for minor children and set out how assets will be managed for their care. Guardianship nominations within a will provide courts with clear guidance on who should care for minors if both parents are unable to do so. Additionally, trusts can hold funds for a child’s support and education until they reach a specified age or milestone. These measures reduce uncertainty and help ensure care arrangements and financial resources are in place to support a child’s future.
Homeowners and business owners benefit from planning that addresses transfer of title, continuity of management, and business succession. Property held solely in an individual’s name may require probate to transfer at death, while properly structured trusts and documented succession plans can streamline transitions. Business owners should consider buy-sell arrangements, trust-owned interests, or specific trustee powers to manage business continuity. These arrangements protect the value of property and business interests and clarify responsibilities for those who will manage or inherit assets.
As health needs evolve, documents that designate decision-makers for medical care and finances become essential. Advance health care directives specify treatment preferences and appoint a medical agent to act when you cannot. Durable financial powers of attorney empower trusted individuals to pay bills, manage investments, or conduct transactions on your behalf. Proactively preparing these documents helps avoid court proceedings to appoint conservators and ensures that your wishes regarding care and finances are respected while reducing stress and delay for family members.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides tailored estate planning services to Avenal and surrounding Kings County communities, helping residents create trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and advance directives. We assist with funding trusts, preparing trust certifications, and filing necessary petitions such as Heggstad or trust modification petitions when circumstances change. Our goal is to guide clients through practical decisions that align with personal and family needs, offering clear explanations of how California law affects estate administration and what steps are needed to preserve assets and protect beneficiaries.
Clients choose our firm for a commitment to thoughtful planning, careful document preparation, and attention to the practical steps that follow signing. We work to create plans that reflect each client’s values and family dynamics while explaining the implications of trust funding, beneficiary designations, and trustee responsibilities. Our approach emphasizes clear communication, timely follow-through on deeds and account changes, and guidance through local county processes that affect administration in Kings County and across California.
We prepare a full set of estate planning documents including revocable living trusts, last wills, powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and ancillary documents like certifications of trust and general assignments to fund trusts. For clients with unique needs, we draft special needs trusts, irrevocable life insurance trusts, retirement plan trusts, and pet trusts. We also assist with petitions such as Heggstad or trust modification when courts or circumstances require formal filings to accomplish a client’s intent.
To support families during transitions, our firm guides trustees and agents through their duties, provides practical checklists for document distribution and account maintenance, and offers clear next steps after document execution or a loved one’s passing. We emphasize maintaining updated documents and reviewing plans after major life events, and we assist with administrative tasks to minimize delays and confusion for beneficiaries and fiduciaries in the community.
Our process begins with a detailed discussion of your goals, family structure, and assets so we can recommend an appropriate plan. We then create draft documents tailored to your needs and explain the practical steps to fund trusts, update beneficiary designations, and execute powers of attorney. After signing, we provide guidance for distributing copies, recording deeds where necessary, and maintaining an up-to-date inventory. We also offer follow-up reviews to ensure the plan evolves with changes in life circumstances or laws, providing continuity and clarity for clients and their families.
The first stage focuses on gathering information about assets, family relationships, and objectives, then drafting a coordinated set of documents that reflect those goals. We provide clear explanations of the role each document plays and how assets should be titled to achieve intended outcomes. This includes preparing a revocable living trust if appropriate, last will and testament, powers of attorney, advance directives, and any specialized trust documents needed to address specific concerns such as beneficiary protection or tax considerations.
During the initial meeting, we review your asset inventory, family situation, and planning priorities to identify the most suitable legal tools. This conversation includes discussing who you wish to appoint as trustees, agents, and guardians, how you want assets distributed, and whether special trust arrangements are necessary. Clear communication at this stage ensures that documents are tailored to meet personal values and practical needs, and supports an efficient drafting process that minimizes revisions and clarifies expectations.
After gathering information, we prepare draft documents for your review and discuss any revisions to ensure they reflect your intentions. This review period allows you to ask questions about how provisions operate, how trustees or agents should act, and how assets should be handled during incapacity or after death. We explain funding procedures, beneficiary updates, and other administrative steps needed to implement the plan. Once documents are finalized, we coordinate signing and properly execute each document in accordance with California requirements.
Properly implementing a trust requires transferring assets into the trust and updating account ownership and beneficiary designations where needed. We assist clients in preparing deeds for real property transfers, completing account retitling forms, and coordinating with financial institutions to ensure assets are aligned with the estate plan. This step reduces reliance on probate and helps ensure assets pass according to trust terms. We provide checklists and support to make funding straightforward and reduce the risk of assets being overlooked after death.
When real estate is part of the plan, we prepare the necessary deeds to transfer title into the trust and ensure recording with the appropriate county recorder’s office. Proper deed preparation and recording establish the trust’s ownership interest in the property, which helps avoid probate and provides clarity for future transfers. We explain any tax or lending considerations associated with transferring property and coordinate with title companies or lenders as needed to complete the transfer smoothly and in compliance with local rules.
Other assets such as bank accounts, investment accounts, and retirement plans require review of title and beneficiary designations to confirm they align with the overall plan. We provide guidance on completing institutional forms and shareholder or custodian documentation so accounts transfer as intended. For retirement accounts, we discuss the implications of beneficiary choices and potential trust arrangements for tax or protection purposes. Ensuring these administrative steps are completed is essential to make the plan effective and reduce the need for court involvement.
After documents are signed and assets funded, the final phase includes distributing copies to trustees and agents, storing original documents securely, and scheduling periodic reviews. We recommend reviewing plans after major life events or changes in financial circumstances to confirm that the plan still meets objectives. When modifications are needed, we assist with trust amendment, restatement, or trust modification petitions as appropriate. Ongoing communication helps maintain the plan’s effectiveness and ensures successors are prepared to carry out their duties when needed.
We advise clients on safe storage options for original documents and provide clear instructions on who should receive copies and where backups are kept. Trustees, agents, and primary family members should know where to find governing documents and how to contact legal counsel when necessary. Secure storage balances accessibility for fiduciaries with protection against loss, and a documented plan for distribution reduces confusion during urgent situations. We provide practical recommendations for maintaining an accessible, organized record of estate planning documents.
Life changes such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, or major shifts in assets warrant a review of your estate plan and documents. When updates are needed, we assist with amendments, restatements, trust modification petitions, or new documents to reflect current wishes. Regular reviews ensure beneficiary designations remain correct and that agent or trustee appointments are still appropriate. Proactive maintenance preserves the effectiveness of the plan and helps prevent unintended outcomes or disputes among family members.
A trust is a legal arrangement that holds assets under terms you set for the benefit of named beneficiaries and can often avoid probate for properly titled property, while a will sets instructions for distributing assets and naming guardians but typically must be processed through probate. Trusts can provide continuity of asset management during incapacity by naming successor trustees, whereas wills only take effect after death. Trusts offer greater privacy because they usually do not become part of public court records, while wills filed for probate are public documents. Choosing between a trust and a will depends on your goals, the complexity of assets, privacy concerns, and whether you want to minimize court involvement. Many individuals use both documents together: a living trust to hold major assets and a pour-over will to catch any property not transferred to the trust during life. Consulting about how property is titled and beneficiary designations helps determine which combination best achieves your objectives.
Yes, funding a trust is an important administrative step that transfers ownership of assets into the name of the trust so those assets are governed by its terms. Funding commonly involves retitling bank and brokerage accounts, changing deeds for real estate to trust ownership, and coordinating with financial institutions to update account registrations. Without funding, assets may remain subject to probate even when a trust exists, so completing this step is essential for the trust to operate as intended. The process of funding varies by asset type and institution; some assets require formal deeds to be recorded, while others involve submitting beneficiary or title change forms. We provide guidance and checklists to help clients complete these steps efficiently and ensure that all significant assets are aligned with the estate plan to avoid unintended outcomes or delays for beneficiaries.
A power of attorney is a legal document that appoints an agent to handle financial and legal matters on your behalf if you are unable to act. In California, durable powers of attorney can remain effective even if you become incapacitated, allowing the appointed agent to manage banking, pay bills, handle investments, and conduct transactions specified in the document. Because the agent can take significant actions, it is important to choose someone trustworthy and to clearly define the scope of authority in the document. Powers of attorney can be customized to limit or expand the agent’s authority and can include successor agents if the first choice is unavailable. They complement other estate planning documents by ensuring daily financial and administrative responsibilities are handled without court intervention, reducing stress for family members and helping maintain continuity of financial affairs during periods of incapacity.
An advance health care directive allows you to set out your wishes regarding medical treatment and appoint a health care agent to make decisions if you cannot express preferences. It addresses issues such as life-sustaining treatment, resuscitation, and comfort care, and it provides guidance for medical providers and family members. This directive reduces uncertainty during critical moments by clearly communicating your values and the kinds of interventions you would or would not want. Naming a health care agent and discussing your preferences with them ensures they can advocate effectively on your behalf if necessary. The directive should be shared with family, caregivers, and medical providers, and it may be combined with HIPAA authorizations to ensure medical information can be accessed by the appointed agent for informed decision-making during emergencies or extended treatment periods.
In most cases a revocable trust can be amended or revoked during the grantor’s lifetime, allowing changes in beneficiaries, trustees, or trust terms to reflect evolving circumstances. This flexibility makes revocable trusts useful for accommodating family changes, asset transfers, or new planning goals. If circumstances require formal court involvement, such as when interested parties dispute changes or for certain irrevocable structures, additional legal steps may be necessary. Irrevocable trusts typically cannot be changed or revoked without specific provisions or court approval, and they are used when permanence provides benefits such as asset protection or tax planning. Reviewing your plan periodically ensures documents remain consistent with current wishes and legal options, and we assist clients with amendments, restatements, or petitions to modify trust terms when appropriate.
To provide financial support for a beneficiary who relies on government benefits, a special needs trust can be established to hold assets for that person’s supplemental care without disqualifying them from means-tested programs. The trust can pay for services and items not covered by public benefits, such as therapy, education, transportation, or recreational activities, improving quality of life while preserving eligibility for necessary programs. Drafting such a trust requires careful language to avoid creating countable income or resources that would jeopardize benefits, and selecting a trustee who understands the beneficiary’s needs and public benefit rules is essential. Ongoing administration must track expenditures and maintain records to demonstrate that funds supplement rather than replace public benefits, ensuring both legal compliance and practical care support.
If you die without a will or trust in California, the state’s intestacy laws determine how your assets will be distributed, which may not reflect personal wishes or family dynamics. Assets may pass to spouses, children, or other relatives according to fixed rules, and the process typically involves probate to identify heirs and transfer property. Intestacy also leaves decisions about guardianship for minor children to the court, which may not align with the family’s preferences. Creating at least a simple plan with a will, powers of attorney, and advance directives helps ensure your wishes are followed, designates guardians, and reduces court involvement. Even modest estates benefit from clear instructions that provide direction to loved ones and make the administration process less burdensome during a difficult time.
Selecting a trustee or agent involves choosing someone reliable, organized, and willing to carry out fiduciary duties, with a close understanding of your goals and family dynamics. Many people appoint family members as trustees or agents but also consider trusted friends, professional fiduciaries, or successor options to provide continuity if primary choices cannot serve. It is important to name alternates and provide clear guidance about responsibilities so that transitions are smooth and roles are understood. Trustees and agents should be able to act impartially, keep accurate records, and communicate effectively with beneficiaries. Open discussion with the chosen individuals about expectations, document locations, and compensation (if any) prepares them to perform their roles responsibly and helps avoid disputes or misunderstandings when duties arise.
Trusts generally avoid the public probate process for assets properly titled in the trust’s name, meaning that trust distributions can often be handled privately without court filings that make terms public. While some trust-related petitions or disputes may require limited court involvement, the trust itself typically provides a confidential mechanism for asset transfer and administration. This privacy is a key reason many individuals choose trust-based planning over relying solely on a will, which becomes part of the public probate record. Certain circumstances, such as challenges to a trust or the need to record documents with government offices, can create required filings, but the overall process often maintains greater confidentiality than probate. Proper funding and clear documentation ensure that the trust achieves its privacy and administration objectives for beneficiaries.
When a loved one passes away, family members should locate the decedent’s estate planning documents, notify named executors or trustees, and obtain multiple certified copies of the death certificate. The trustee or executor should then identify and secure assets, review beneficiary designations, and determine whether probate is necessary for any property. Contacting financial institutions, life insurance companies, and relevant account custodians early helps begin the administration process and prevents unauthorized activity. It is also helpful to consult with legal counsel to understand timelines, filing requirements, and steps for trust administration or probate. Clear communication among family members and fiduciaries, along with organized documentation, reduces delays and helps ensure assets are transferred according to the decedent’s wishes while meeting legal obligations and creditor notice requirements.
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