An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) is a tailored estate planning tool frequently used to hold life insurance policies outside of an estate. For Avenal and Kings County families, an ILIT can help manage how life insurance proceeds are distributed, assist with liquidity for paying final expenses and taxes, and provide a level of creditor protection when properly drafted and funded. Our firm assists clients in evaluating whether an ILIT aligns with their larger estate plan, discussing funding strategies, coordinating beneficiary designations, and ensuring the trust terms reflect the client’s intentions while remaining consistent with California law and local court practices.
Deciding whether to create an ILIT involves understanding the tradeoffs between control, tax planning, and administrative complexity. Because an ILIT is typically irrevocable once established, careful planning up front reduces the chance of unintended consequences later. We work with clients to clarify goals such as reducing estate tax exposure, preserving family wealth for designated beneficiaries, or ensuring that policy proceeds are managed by a trustee according to detailed directions. This step-by-step approach helps people in Avenal make informed choices, coordinate the ILIT with other documents like wills or revocable trusts, and confirm policy ownership and beneficiary designations are consistent with the overall plan.
An ILIT matters because it can remove life insurance proceeds from an estate for federal and state estate tax purposes when properly structured and funded. Beyond potential tax benefits, an ILIT can provide controlled distributions to beneficiaries, protect proceeds from certain creditors, and create liquidity to pay final expenses or settle estate obligations. For families with blended relationships, business interests, or beneficiaries with special needs, an ILIT can offer predictable procedures for distributing funds. Our approach emphasizes clear drafting, practical funding steps, and coordination with other estate documents so the trust performs as intended when benefits become payable.
Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serves clients across California with a focus on estate planning, including revocable and irrevocable trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives. Our team guides clients through the legal and practical steps needed to create, fund, and administer ILITs, always mindful of state rules and tax considerations. We provide clear explanations of trust provisions, trustee duties, and funding schedules so families in Avenal and surrounding communities can make choices that reflect their priorities. We also assist with ancillary documents such as certifications of trust, pour-over wills, and HIPAA authorizations to ensure a cohesive estate plan.
An ILIT is designed to own one or more life insurance policies outside the insured’s probate estate. The trust becomes the policy owner and beneficiary, and a trustee manages the policy according to the trust’s terms. Key elements include the trustee’s authority to pay premiums, receive proceeds, and distribute funds to named beneficiaries. Establishing an ILIT also requires attention to timing and funding to avoid inclusion of proceeds in the estate, such as gifting sufficient funds for premium payments and avoiding situations that cause the insured to retain incidents of ownership. Proper coordination with beneficiary designations and other estate instruments is essential to achieving the intended outcomes.
Creating an ILIT typically involves drafting trust language that reflects the grantor’s distribution goals, selecting a trustee who will manage the policy, and putting in place a mechanism for funding premium payments, often through trust gifts to the trustee. Trustees must follow fiduciary duties when investing, paying premiums, and distributing proceeds. For Californians, considerations also include community property rules and coordination with retirement plan designations. Working through these details reduces the likelihood of disputes and enhances the likelihood that proceeds will be distributed quickly and efficiently to the people the grantor intended to benefit.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a legal entity created to own life insurance policies and manage the proceeds for beneficiaries. Once established and funded, the grantor typically cannot change the trust terms or reclaim ownership without triggering legal consequences. The trust document sets rules for trustee powers, how proceeds are used, and the timing of distributions. Because the policy is owned by the trust rather than the insured, proceeds generally avoid probate and may be excluded from the insured’s taxable estate when structured correctly. The trust can also contain directions for preserving proceeds for minors or individuals with special needs, offering structured financial protection that aligns with the grantor’s overall plan.
Setting up an ILIT involves several essential steps: drafting clear trust provisions, naming a reliable trustee, transferring ownership of life insurance policies to the trust, and implementing a funding strategy for premium payments. Each of these pieces requires documentation, such as assignments of ownership, acceptance by the trustee, and possibly gift-tax filings for contributions to the trust. Trustees must maintain records of premium payments and distributions to beneficiaries. Regular reviews ensure the trust remains aligned with changes in family circumstances, tax law updates, and the status of the underlying life insurance policies.
This glossary clarifies common terms used when discussing ILITs, such as grantor, trustee, beneficiary, incidents of ownership, and funding methods. Understanding these terms helps clients make informed decisions about trust design, trustee selection, and interactions with other estate planning documents. Read these explanations before meeting to discuss how an ILIT might fit your situation, so you can focus on the goals you want the trust to achieve and the practical steps needed to implement and maintain it effectively under California law.
The grantor is the person who creates the trust and transfers the life insurance policy into it. The grantor defines the trust’s terms, selects beneficiaries, and names a trustee to manage the trust assets. In the context of an ILIT, the grantor typically makes initial gifts to the trust to cover premium payments and sets the rules for how proceeds should be used after the grantor’s death. Once the trust is irrevocable, the grantor generally cannot change the terms without following specific legal procedures that could have tax or other consequences.
Trustee duties include managing the trust property, making premium payments if called for by the trust terms, filing any necessary tax returns, and distributing proceeds in accordance with the trust instructions. A trustee has a fiduciary obligation to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries, maintain accurate records, and serve impartially when more than one beneficiary or complex distributions exist. Choosing a trustee who understands these responsibilities, or providing clear directions within the trust document, helps ensure the ILIT functions smoothly when benefits are payable.
Incidents of ownership refer to rights that render a life insurance policy includable in a person’s estate for tax purposes, such as the power to change beneficiaries, borrow against the policy, or surrender it for cash. To keep policy proceeds outside the estate, the insured should not retain incidents of ownership after transferring the policy to the ILIT. Ensuring the insured relinquishes these rights and follows proper transfer and funding procedures helps prevent unintended estate inclusion and preserves the trust’s intended benefits.
A Crummey power is a limited right that allows a beneficiary to withdraw a gift to the trust for a short period, making the gift eligible for present interest gift-tax exclusion under federal law. Trustees often use Crummey notices to allow annual gifts to the ILIT to qualify for gift-tax exclusions and to fund premium payments. Properly managing notice periods and documenting beneficiary responses helps maintain the desired tax treatment while providing a clear record of the funding process for the ILIT.
When weighing an ILIT against alternatives like retaining policies inside a revocable trust, naming beneficiaries directly, or using payable-on-death designations, consider the balance of control, tax impact, and flexibility. An ILIT tends to limit the grantor’s future control in exchange for potential estate tax benefits and probate avoidance, while keeping policies in a revocable trust offers more direct manageability but may not achieve the same tax outcomes. Direct beneficiary designations are simple but may result in uneven distributions, probate delays, or exposure to creditors. A careful review of family goals and asset composition helps determine the best path.
For some families with modest estates and straightforward needs, keeping a life insurance policy with direct beneficiary designations provides a simple and efficient outcome. Designating beneficiaries and ensuring beneficiary information is current can deliver funds quickly without the administrative steps required by a trust. This approach avoids the permanence of an irrevocable transfer and the administrative overhead of trustee management. It can be suitable when the primary goal is to provide immediate financial support to loved ones without the need for detailed post-death management or tax planning beyond basic beneficiary designation updates.
If maintaining flexibility over a policy is a primary concern, retaining ownership or using a revocable trust might be a preferred option. These structures allow the owner to adjust beneficiaries, change coverage, or access policy cash values if needed. For individuals who expect significant changes in family circumstances or who want to reserve the ability to modify their plans, a less permanent arrangement can be preferable. That said, retaining control can create estate inclusion risks, so the choice should be made with an understanding of potential tax and creditor implications.
Families with blended relationships, business interests, beneficiaries with special needs, or significant assets often benefit from a coordinated plan that includes an ILIT. A comprehensive approach addresses how life insurance proceeds will interact with other estate components, such as retirement accounts, revocable trusts, and business succession arrangements. It also considers creditor concerns and scenarios where beneficiaries may need protection from mismanagement or external claims. Planning across all documents helps ensure proceeds are available when needed and distributed according to the grantor’s long-term intentions.
Timing of transfers, gift-tax considerations, and the insured’s retention of certain rights can affect whether policy proceeds are includable in an estate. A comprehensive review coordinates premium funding, Crummey gifts if used, and beneficiary designations to maintain the desired tax treatment. For estates that approach federal or state exemption thresholds, integrating ILIT planning with broader estate tax strategies helps manage potential liabilities. Regular plan reviews ensure that changes in law, family status, or policy terms do not undermine the trust’s intended benefits.
Taking a comprehensive approach reduces the risk of inconsistent documents, unintended estate inclusion, and disputes among beneficiaries. By aligning an ILIT with wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives, families can ensure that each component supports an overall plan for asset distribution, incapacity planning, and end-of-life decisions. Coordinated planning also helps identify funding strategies for premiums, selects appropriate trustees, and addresses situations where life insurance proceeds must provide liquidity for taxes or business transitions. This cohesive perspective enhances the likelihood that the grantor’s objectives are met efficiently after death.
A thorough plan also provides clarity for trustees and beneficiaries, reducing administrative delays and litigation risk. Clear trust provisions outlining trustee authority, distribution timing, and successor trustee selection produce predictable outcomes when the policy pays out. Coordinated documents and thoughtful funding methods help ensure beneficiaries receive support promptly, while preserving funds for longer-term needs when appropriate. Families in Avenal benefit from locally informed planning that accounts for California legal norms while accomplishing personal goals for wealth transfer and family protection.
When a life insurance policy is owned by an ILIT, proceeds generally pass to beneficiaries without going through probate, which can save time and reduce court involvement. This streamlined transfer of funds can provide immediate liquidity for funeral costs, debts, and ongoing household expenses. The trust document can specify how proceeds should be managed for minors or vulnerable beneficiaries, preventing lump-sum distributions that might be misused. By clarifying trustee powers and distribution schedules in advance, families can ensure that funds are put to use according to the grantor’s intentions with minimal administrative delay.
An ILIT can help preserve the full value of life insurance proceeds for beneficiaries by keeping those proceeds outside the taxable estate, assuming the transfer and funding are handled correctly. This preservation can be especially meaningful for families where policies represent a significant portion of estate value. Coordinated planning with other estate elements helps identify opportunities to reduce tax exposure and ensure that proceeds are available to meet obligations or to provide long-term financial support. Maintaining proper documentation and following required procedures is essential to achieving the intended tax-related benefits.
Make sure ownership of the life insurance policy and beneficiary designations match the trust documents to avoid unintended results. Verify that the trustee is listed as the owner and beneficiary where required, and update beneficiary designations to reflect the trust when necessary. Keep copies of policy assignments, trust acceptance letters, and any notices confirming ownership transfers. Regular reviews after changes in family status, policy terms, or law help ensure the ILIT continues to function as intended and that premium payment mechanisms remain in place so the policy does not lapse.
Select a trustee who is trustworthy, organized, and able to comply with the duties specified in the trust document. The trustee will need to manage premium payments, maintain records, and carry out distributions when proceeds are paid. Consider naming a successor trustee and outlining clear decision-making procedures to avoid confusion if the original trustee is unable to serve. Providing the trustee with a copy of the trust, policy documents, and contact information for financial advisors or accountants helps streamline administration and ensures the trust works as intended for beneficiaries.
Consider an ILIT if you want life insurance proceeds to be managed for beneficiaries outside of probate and possibly outside your taxable estate. An ILIT can provide a clear framework for distributing proceeds, offering protections for minor beneficiaries or those unable to manage larger sums. It can also create liquidity to pay estate obligations, support a business succession plan, or provide for specific family needs. For those with significant life insurance holdings, an ILIT may make it easier to preserve value for intended recipients by setting rules for trustee management and distribution timing.
An ILIT is also worth considering when you want to limit exposure to certain creditor claims or provide structured financial support to beneficiaries with unique needs. While irrevocability reduces future modifications, that permanence can be a benefit for clients seeking certainty in how proceeds will be used. Before creating an ILIT, reviewing the interplay with community property rules, retirement accounts, and existing estate documents helps avoid conflicts and ensures that the trust achieves its intended purpose within your broader financial and family plan.
ILITs are commonly used by individuals with sizable life insurance policies, business owners needing liquidity at death, families with blended relationships who want to direct proceeds to particular heirs, and those seeking protections for beneficiaries who may be minors or have limited financial capacity. They can also play a role in estate tax planning for larger estates where exclusion thresholds are a concern. Each situation requires a tailored approach to drafting and funding so that the trust aligns with the grantor’s goals and avoids unintended estate inclusion or administrative complications.
When a business owner wants to ensure there is liquidity to facilitate a smooth ownership transition, an ILIT holding life insurance proceeds can provide ready funds to cover buyouts, debts, or other business obligations. The trust can specify how proceeds are used in connection with a succession plan, helping to preserve business continuity and provide fairness among family or business partners. Planning in advance ensures the trust coordinates with buy-sell agreements and other business documents to deliver funds efficiently when needed.
For parents or grandparents concerned about how proceeds will be used, an ILIT allows for structured management and distribution of funds to minors or beneficiaries with special circumstances. The trust can direct how payments are made for education, health care, or maintenance and designate a trustee to oversee long-term financial stewardship. This approach helps avoid large lump-sum distributions that could be mismanaged and gives the grantor more confidence that their wishes for beneficiary support will be honored over time.
For individuals with estates approaching or exceeding exemption amounts, an ILIT can be part of a broader strategy to preserve wealth for heirs by keeping life insurance proceeds outside the taxable estate. That approach requires careful attention to timing, funding mechanisms, and the insured’s retention of incidents of ownership. By integrating the ILIT with other estate planning tools, it may be possible to reduce the estate tax burden and ensure that beneficiaries receive more of the intended funds rather than having them subject to taxation or probate costs.
Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides local guidance to Avenal residents on trust formation, funding, and administration. We offer clear explanations of how an ILIT functions, coordinate necessary documents such as assignments of policy ownership and Crummey notices, and help select trustees who will follow the trust’s instructions. Our goal is to simplify the process of establishing and maintaining an ILIT so families in Kings County can protect and preserve life insurance proceeds for their beneficiaries while meeting all legal and procedural requirements under California law.
Choosing a firm for ILIT planning means working with attorneys who understand both the legal and practical aspects of trust ownership, funding, and administration. We focus on delivering clear guidance tailored to your family’s circumstances, helping you identify the best structure for your life insurance holdings and coordinating related documents such as wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives. Our process emphasizes communication, careful drafting, and recordkeeping to ensure the ILIT performs as you intend when benefits become payable.
We assist clients by reviewing current policies, preparing assignment and acceptance documents, advising on funding strategies like annual gifts or Crummey notices, and recommending trustees who will administer the trust responsibly. We also coordinate with financial advisors and accountants when tax or investment matters arise. By addressing both legal formality and real-world administration, we aim to make the ILIT an effective component of your overall estate plan.
Our approach includes periodic plan reviews to confirm that the ILIT and related documents remain aligned with changes in family circumstances, policy terms, or applicable law. We provide clear next steps for funding and maintenance, and we maintain thorough records of transactions tied to the trust. This attention to detail helps reduce the risk of unexpected outcomes and supports a smoother transition for beneficiaries when the time comes to distribute proceeds.
Our process begins with an initial consultation to understand your family dynamics, financial goals, and existing estate documents. We then draft the trust language, prepare assignments and acceptance forms for transferring ownership of policies, and outline a funding plan that may include annual gifts or other sources to pay premiums. We coordinate beneficiary designations and related instruments to ensure consistency across your plan. After establishing the trust, we provide trustees with documentation and guidance to fulfill their duties and remain available for follow-up reviews as circumstances evolve.
The first step is a comprehensive review of existing policies, beneficiary designations, and other estate planning documents. We discuss your objectives for the trust, including distribution timing and trustee selection, and draft the ILIT document to reflect those goals. This initial phase also involves identifying funding strategies and addressing any potential tax or legal issues that could affect the trust’s intended benefits. Clear communication during drafting ensures the trust language matches your wishes and accounts for foreseeable contingencies.
We collect information on all life insurance policies, current owners, and beneficiaries, along with related estate documents like wills and revocable trusts. This inventory helps identify discrepancies and potential conflicts. By reviewing policy terms and beneficiary designations up front, we can plan the ownership transfer and funding schedule to avoid unintended tax results. Accurate records at this stage reduce administrative burdens later and help trustees manage premiums and distributions according to the grantor’s intent.
After gathering relevant information, we draft the ILIT document and review it with you to confirm that trustee powers, distribution mechanisms, and trust directions reflect your objectives. This review allows for adjustments before the trust becomes irrevocable, ensuring important choices about beneficiaries, distribution timing, and trustee responsibilities are addressed. We also discuss successor trustees and coordination with other estate planning instruments so the ILIT integrates smoothly with your overall plan.
Funding the trust and transferring policy ownership are essential to leaving life insurance proceeds outside the estate. We prepare assignment documents, work with insurance companies to change ownership and beneficiary designations, and implement funding mechanisms for premium payments. If annual gifts are used to fund premiums, we advise on providing proper notices and documenting gifts. Ensuring these steps are completed and recorded minimizes the chance that proceeds will be included in the grantor’s estate or that policies will lapse due to missed payments.
We prepare the necessary assignment and acceptance forms and communicate with insurance carriers to transfer ownership to the ILIT. This often requires submitting trust documents and completed forms to the insurer and confirming that the trustee is recognized as owner and beneficiary. We also review policy provisions that could affect transferability, such as contestability periods or surrender charges, and advise on timing to minimize adverse consequences. Clear documentation helps establish the trust’s role as policy owner going forward.
If the trust will be funded by annual gifts, we prepare Crummey notices where appropriate and document each gift to maintain compliance with gift-tax rules. We advise on amounts and timing to cover premium obligations and keep records of notices and beneficiary responses. Proper funding documentation ensures premiums are paid on time and supports the desired tax treatment for the trust. Trustees are instructed on recordkeeping duties and how to handle incoming funds for premium payments and trust maintenance.
After the ILIT is established and funded, trustees administer the trust according to its provisions, paying premiums, maintaining accurate records, and managing distributions when proceeds are payable. Periodic reviews help ensure the trust remains aligned with family changes and legal developments. We provide guidance to trustees on fulfilling duties, assist with tax filings if needed, and support beneficiaries with questions about distributions. Regular check-ins ensure continued alignment between the ILIT and the broader estate plan.
Trustees maintain records of premium payments, gifts to the trust, notices to beneficiaries, and any transactions related to the policy. Proper documentation helps demonstrate compliance with funding strategies and supports tax reporting where necessary. Trustees should confirm policy status periodically, respond to insurer requests, and keep beneficiaries informed according to the trust terms. Good recordkeeping reduces the risk of disputes and provides a clear audit trail for decisions taken on behalf of beneficiaries.
Periodic reviews allow clients to confirm the ILIT and related documents remain appropriate as circumstances change. Changes in family composition, financial situations, or policy terms may require adjustments elsewhere in the estate plan. Although the ILIT itself is generally irrevocable, updating beneficiary designations on other assets, revising powers of attorney, or adjusting funding methods can preserve the plan’s intended outcomes. Regular communication with legal and financial advisors keeps the plan current and effective.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a trust designed to own life insurance policies and manage the proceeds for beneficiaries outside of the insured’s probate estate. The grantor transfers policy ownership to the trust, names a trustee to administer the policy, and establishes terms for how proceeds will be distributed. Because the trust, rather than the insured, owns the policy, proceeds generally avoid probate and can be managed according to the trust provisions. Setting up an ILIT requires careful attention to funding, trustee selection, and possible tax considerations. Properly executed assignments, timely premium funding, and documentation of gifts help ensure the trust functions as intended. Coordination with a broader estate plan helps avoid conflicts with other documents and aligns the ILIT with long-term family goals.
When a life insurance policy is transferred to an ILIT and the insured does not retain incidents of ownership, policy proceeds are generally excluded from the insured’s taxable estate. However, timing matters: transfers within three years of death may be subject to special rules under federal law, and certain retained rights could result in estate inclusion. Proper transfer timing and relinquishment of ownership rights are critical to achieving the intended tax outcome. It is also important to coordinate beneficiary designations and other estate documents to ensure consistent treatment of proceeds. Working through funding methods and documenting gifts supports the tax treatment and reduces the chance that proceeds will be included in the estate or subject to disputes after death.
ILITs are typically funded by annual gifts to the trust to pay premiums, often using a mechanism that includes beneficiary withdrawal rights for a limited period to qualify for gift-tax exclusions. These Crummey-style notices allow beneficiaries a short window to withdraw contributions, which creates a present interest for gift-tax rules. Alternatives to annual gifts might include funding with other trust assets or designating specific cash gifts for premium payments. Documenting each gift and maintaining records of notices and withdrawals is essential to demonstrate compliance with gifting rules. Trustees should track premium payments, keep policy statements, and coordinate with financial advisors to ensure the trust remains properly funded and the policy does not lapse, preserving the intended benefits for beneficiaries.
A trustee should be someone who is reliable, organized, and able to follow the trust’s instructions regarding premium payments and distributions. Options include a trusted family member, a friend with financial acumen, a professional fiduciary, or a corporate trustee. Whoever is chosen should be comfortable maintaining records, communicating with insurers, and acting impartially among beneficiaries when necessary. Naming a successor trustee and providing clear, written guidance in the trust document reduces the risk of administrative problems later. Trustees must also understand their duty to manage trust assets prudently and maintain accurate records so that beneficiaries receive funds according to the grantor’s wishes.
Crummey notices are short, written notifications sent to beneficiaries giving them a limited time to withdraw a gift made to the trust. These notices are used to qualify gifts for the present interest gift-tax exclusion by giving beneficiaries a real, if limited, ability to access the funds. Proper notice and documentation of beneficiary responses help maintain the intended tax characterization of contributions to the ILIT. Using Crummey notices requires careful administration. Trustees must provide timely notices and keep records of whether beneficiaries exercised the withdrawal right. When handled correctly, this approach allows annual gifts to the trust to be excluded from taxable gifts, facilitating ongoing premium funding without immediate tax consequences.
Because an ILIT is generally irrevocable, reversing or changing it after creation is limited and can have tax or legal consequences. In some circumstances, trust terms provide for modifications or circumstantial adjustments, and certain legal mechanisms may allow modifications with beneficiary consent or court approval. However, the typical purpose of an ILIT is permanence, so careful planning before execution is important. If you have second thoughts after establishing an ILIT, discuss options with counsel to determine whether amendments, decanting, or other procedures are available under California law and the trust’s terms. Any changes should be considered with regard to tax implications and the impact on beneficiaries’ expectations.
In California, community property considerations may affect ownership and transfer of life insurance policies acquired during marriage. If a policy is community property or if premiums were paid with community funds, transfers to an ILIT should be coordinated to account for spousal rights and tax consequences. Proper documentation and agreement between spouses can help clarify how policies will be treated and whether community funds will be used to fund premiums. Discussing these issues with counsel before transferring policy ownership helps avoid disputes and unintended treatment of proceeds. Where community property rules are implicated, planning should address both spouses’ interests and coordinate beneficiary designations to reflect the couple’s overall estate planning goals.
An ILIT can provide a level of protection from certain creditor claims because proceeds are held in a trust and distributed according to trust terms rather than paid directly to beneficiaries through probate. However, the degree of protection depends on timing, trust structure, and applicable state law. In some situations, creditors may challenge transfers or seek recovery depending on the circumstances of the transfer and the debtor-creditor relationship. Maintaining clear records of the trust’s formation, funding, and transaction history helps demonstrate legitimate intent and proper administration. For beneficiaries concerned about creditor claims, the trust can include distribution structures or spendthrift provisions that limit direct access to funds and provide more control over how proceeds are used.
Establishing and funding an ILIT can vary in timeline depending on factors such as insurer processing times, the need to transfer multiple policies, and coordination with other estate documents. Drafting the trust document and selecting a trustee can be completed relatively quickly, while insurers may require additional time to process assignments and recognize trust ownership. Funding strategies that use annual gifts may unfold over a series of tax years depending on the plan chosen. To streamline the process, gather policy information, beneficiary designations, and financial details early in the planning phase. Clear instructions to insurers and timely documentation of gifts accelerate the trust setup and reduce the risk of delays affecting the policy’s in-force status.
When considering an ILIT, review existing life insurance policies, beneficiary designations, current wills or trusts, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives. Policy terms, ownership information, and any existing assignment documents are particularly important to determine whether transfers are straightforward or require additional steps. Also review financial records related to premium payment sources to plan for funding the trust. Gathering these documents ahead of an initial meeting helps identify potential conflicts, community property issues, or tax implications. This preparation allows for a focused discussion on trust design, funding mechanisms, trustee selection, and how the ILIT will fit within your overall estate plan.
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