At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help Hanford families plan for the future with clear, practical legal planning for assets, healthcare decisions, and guardianship nominations. Our approach focuses on creating documents such as revocable living trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives that reflect each client’s values and priorities. We recognize the emotional and financial concerns that come with planning, and we work to make the process understandable and manageable so clients can make informed choices and feel confident that their loved ones will be cared for and their wishes followed.
Choosing the right estate planning documents means thinking through property transfer, incapacity, and end-of-life health care decisions. We assist with tailored plans including pour-over wills, trust funding, certification of trust documents, and durable financial powers of attorney so that clients have continuity and protection. Our client-centered service covers both straightforward plans and more complex arrangements like irrevocable life insurance trusts and special needs trusts to address unique family circumstances. We prioritize communication, explaining options in plain language and ensuring documents are drafted and implemented to meet California legal requirements and personal objectives.
Estate planning clarifies how assets will be handled and who will make decisions if you are unable to do so, reducing confusion and conflict for surviving family members. A well-constructed plan helps avoid unnecessary probate delays, safeguards minor children or dependents through guardianship nominations and trust arrangements, and can protect assets for beneficiaries with special needs. Planning documents like advance health care directives ensure your medical wishes are known, while financial powers of attorney allow trusted agents to manage affairs during incapacity. Overall, planning provides peace of mind and a practical roadmap for protecting loved ones and preserving family wealth.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman have provided estate planning services across California for many years, helping clients develop tailored solutions that reflect their needs and family dynamics. Our office emphasizes clear guidance on trust formation, wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives along with assistance in trust funding and administration. We work closely with clients to understand financial and personal circumstances, recommend appropriate documents, and draft precise language to reduce ambiguity. Our goal is to help people create durable plans that function reliably over time and adapt to changing circumstances when necessary.
Estate planning is more than preparing a single document; it is a coordinated set of legal arrangements designed to address asset management, transfer, incapacity, and medical decisions. Common elements include revocable living trusts that enable private distribution of assets, pour-over wills that ensure any omitted property transfers to a trust, and powers of attorney to handle finances if incapacity occurs. Advance health care directives communicate personal wishes for medical treatment and appoint an agent for health decisions. Each component has a specific role, and combining them thoughtfully helps achieve continuity and avoids unintended results for families and beneficiaries.
When assessing planning needs, we consider family structure, property types, beneficiary circumstances, and long-term goals such as preserving an inheritance or protecting a family business. Special arrangements like irrevocable life insurance trusts or retirement plan trusts may be appropriate depending on asset composition and tax considerations. For families with minor children, guardianship nominations and trusts for their care are central. We also advise on trust modification and Heggstad or trust-related petitions as needed to resolve title or funding issues. The planning process is collaborative and designed to produce documents that function effectively under California law.
Estate planning consists of legal tools that set out how property should be managed and distributed, who will make financial and health decisions if you cannot, and how minors or vulnerable beneficiaries will be cared for. Revocable living trusts hold and manage assets during life and allow for orderly transfer after death without probate. A last will and testament provides backup instructions and appoints guardians for minor children. Financial powers of attorney authorize agents to manage finances, while advance health care directives address medical decisions. Understanding these basic tools helps people decide which combination best matches their objectives.
The planning process typically begins with an initial consultation to review assets, family relationships, and long-term intentions. From there, documents are drafted to reflect choices about asset ownership, trustee selection, distribution timing, and decision-makers for health and financial matters. Funding a trust, which may involve retitling assets, is an important step to ensure the trust functions as intended. For clients with existing trusts, petitions for modification or Heggstad matters may be necessary to correct title issues. Throughout the process we focus on clarity, legal compliance, and durability so the plan remains effective as circumstances evolve.
Below are common terms that come up in estate planning, explained in plain language to help clients feel more comfortable making decisions. Understanding the definitions of trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and related petitions helps demystify the process and allows for informed choices. We encourage questions about any term or process so documents reflect real objectives. If a term like trust certification or pour-over will is unfamiliar, we provide examples of how that document would operate in an actual family situation, helping clients see the practical effect of their choices.
A revocable living trust is a legal arrangement in which assets are placed under the trust’s name during the grantor’s lifetime and managed by a trustee. The grantor typically retains control and can make changes while alive, and the trust directs the distribution of assets at death without going through probate. Funding the trust involves transferring title of accounts and real property into the trust, which is an important administrative step. The trust also names successor trustees who can manage affairs if the grantor becomes incapacitated, providing continuity and privacy for family matters.
A last will and testament expresses how property that remains in the decedent’s name should be distributed after death and may appoint guardians for minor children. Although wills typically must pass through probate, they are important for addressing assets not transferred into a trust and for naming an executor to administer the estate. A pour-over will can work alongside a trust to funnel any property not transferred during life into the trust at death. Wills should be periodically reviewed to ensure they reflect current wishes and family changes.
A durable financial power of attorney appoints an agent to make financial decisions on your behalf if you are unable to do so, and it remains effective if you become incapacitated. This document can cover banking, paying bills, managing investments, and handling real property transactions. It can be tailored to grant broad or limited authority and can include successor agents for continuity. Choosing a trusted agent and outlining any limitations or preferences helps ensure financial affairs are handled according to your intentions during periods of incapacity or absence.
An advance health care directive allows you to state your medical treatment preferences and to designate an agent to make health care decisions if you cannot speak for yourself. The directive can include choices about life-sustaining treatment, pain management, organ donation, and other medical preferences. It ensures clinicians and family members have clear guidance and reduces uncertainty during stressful situations. Having a signed directive along with a HIPAA authorization helps medical providers access necessary records and follow your documented wishes when critical decisions arise.
Clients often choose between a limited or targeted plan that addresses a single issue and a comprehensive plan that considers multiple future scenarios. A limited approach might use a basic will and a power of attorney for clients with simple estates and clear beneficiaries. A comprehensive plan typically includes trusts, funding strategies, and detailed instructions to manage incapacity, minimize administration, and address complex beneficiary needs. The choice depends on asset types, family dynamics, and long-term goals. We evaluate each situation to recommend the most appropriate combination of documents to protect interests and reduce future burdens for loved ones.
A targeted estate plan may be suitable for individuals whose property passes directly to named beneficiaries, such as retirement accounts and payable-on-death bank accounts, and who have no minor children or special beneficiary concerns. In these situations, a straightforward will and durable power of attorney can provide essential authority for decision-making during incapacity and ensure that any remaining assets are distributed according to the client’s wishes. The focused approach is often more affordable and quicker to implement while still addressing immediate needs for document-driven decision-making and end-of-life preferences.
Clients with uncomplicated asset structures, such as one primary residence and modest personal property, sometimes prefer limited planning that avoids the extra steps of trust funding and complex administrative provisions. If beneficiaries are straightforward and there are no creditors or special circumstances, a well-drafted will paired with financial and health care delegations provides a practical framework for managing affairs. The limited approach still benefits from careful drafting to prevent ambiguity, but it focuses on essential powers and directives rather than extensive trust arrangements or tax planning measures.
Comprehensive planning is often appropriate when families want to protect assets from probate, manage distributions to beneficiaries over time, or address special needs such as care for a dependent or a beneficiary with disabilities. Trusts can be structured to preserve assets, limit young beneficiaries’ immediate access to funds, or provide ongoing management by a trustee. For clients with multiple properties, business interests, or significant retirement accounts, a full plan coordinates titles and beneficiary designations to reduce administrative burdens and provide stability across generations.
A comprehensive plan gives clear authority and procedures for financial and medical decision-making if you are incapacitated, reducing the need for court intervention. Trusts with successor trustees enable seamless management of assets, while durable powers of attorney and advance directives name agents to make timely decisions. Additionally, documents like HIPAA authorizations ease information sharing with medical providers. This continuity is particularly important for families with business obligations or complex investments where immediate decisions may be necessary to protect value and family interests during an unexpected incapacity.
A comprehensive estate plan reduces uncertainty and administrative hurdles during transitions by coordinating trust documents, wills, powers of attorney, and healthcare directives. It can minimize probate exposure for assets titled properly, offer privacy for family matters, and allow transfers to occur more promptly after death. Detailed planning enables clients to tailor distributions, include conditions or staggered distributions, and appoint trusted decision-makers to handle affairs without court oversight. For many families, a unified plan brings clarity that helps protect relationships, preserve assets, and reduce the potential for disputes among heirs.
Comprehensive planning also accommodates future changes by including mechanisms for modification and updates as life circumstances evolve. Provisions can be added for retirement account treatment, life insurance trusts, and provisions that account for tax and creditor considerations where relevant. Incorporating guardianship nominations and special arrangements for dependents ensures that both minor children and vulnerable family members have a clear plan for care and financial support. Ultimately, the integrated approach helps families implement long-term strategies that respond to changing needs while maintaining legal soundness under California law.
One significant advantage of a comprehensive plan that uses a properly funded trust is privacy. Trusts generally avoid the public probate process, keeping the details of asset distribution and beneficiary information out of court records. This can be especially important for families who value discretion or want to shield sensitive family matters from public view. A funded trust also typically allows for a more rapid transition of asset control to successor trustees, which reduces delays in managing bills, property, or business interests that might otherwise occur during probate administration.
Comprehensive planning enables tailored instructions for how beneficiaries receive assets, including staggered distributions, protections against creditor claims, and provisions for beneficiaries with ongoing needs. Trust provisions can include instructions for education expenses, healthcare, and support while preventing unintended consequences such as sudden full access to large sums at an early age. These arrangements help preserve family wealth and provide a framework for long-term care and stewardship, allowing trustees to make decisions in line with the grantor’s objectives while protecting beneficiaries from adverse financial outcomes.
Begin your planning by compiling a thorough inventory of assets, including bank accounts, retirement plans, life insurance policies, real property, and business interests. Note current account titles, beneficiary designations, and any jointly held property because these details determine how assets transfer at death or during incapacity. Gathering documentation and account information ahead of meetings helps ensure that trusts can be properly funded and that wills and beneficiary designations are coordinated. This preparation saves time and helps identify whether additional documents like retirement plan trusts or life insurance trusts are appropriate for your situation.
Addressing incapacity is a central component of effective planning. Execute durable powers of attorney for finances, advance health care directives, and HIPAA authorizations so trusted agents can access records and make timely decisions. Naming successor agents and detailing preferences helps avoid disputes during stressful times and ensures that medical and financial choices align with your values. Discuss your plans with appointed agents so they understand your intentions and are willing to assume responsibilities. Proactive steps help protect both your interests and your family from unnecessary court proceedings.
Formal estate planning provides legal clarity about how assets will be handled, who will assume responsibility for financial and health care decisions, and how minor children or dependents will be cared for. Without written documents, families may face probate delays, court-appointed decision-makers, or disputes among relatives. Planning helps minimize these risks by naming trusted agents and outlining specific instructions. It also enables property transfers that avoid probate, which can save time and reduce public exposure of private family affairs. Preparing a plan ahead of time helps families focus on priorities and maintain stability during transitions.
In addition to reducing administrative burdens, a thoughtful plan helps ensure that beneficiaries receive support in the intended manner, whether through outright gifts or structured trust distributions for long-term care and education. Documents like irrevocable life insurance trusts and retirement plan trusts can be used when appropriate to address particular asset types. Planning also gives clients a chance to think through health care preferences and appoint agents to carry out those wishes. Overall, advance planning is an act of consideration for loved ones that helps protect family relationships and financial resources.
People typically pursue planning after major life events such as marriage, birth of a child, divorce, remarriage, retirement, or acquisition of significant property or business interests. Other triggers include planning for a family member with special needs, concern about potential incapacity, or the desire to avoid probate and simplify asset transfers. Even modest estates can benefit from basic documents to delegate decision-making authority and set out medical preferences. Regular reviews after life changes ensure that plans remain current and effective for evolving family circumstances.
New parents often prioritize documents that protect their children’s future, including guardianship nominations, trusts to manage inheritances, and instructions for managing the child’s financial interests. Selecting guardians and documenting wishes reduces uncertainty if both parents become unavailable and provides a legal framework for managing assets designated for the child’s care. Trust provisions can set the timing and conditions for distributions and include directions for education or healthcare expenses. Proactive planning ensures that children have appointed caregivers and resources for their ongoing support.
Business owners and those who own multiple properties should address succession and title issues to ensure continuity and protect value. A comprehensive plan can coordinate ownership interests, designate who will manage or inherit business assets, and reduce disruptions to operations. Properly drafted trusts and powers of attorney allow appointed agents to make business decisions during incapacity and provide a mechanism for orderly transfer at death. Addressing these matters in advance helps protect the business and family finances from unexpected administrative or market pressures.
Families with a member who has disabilities often use special needs trusts or tailored trust provisions to preserve eligibility for public benefits while providing supplemental support. Planning can allocate funds for quality-of-life improvements, education, therapies, or housing without jeopardizing means-tested assistance. Trusts and trustee instructions can be designed to reflect the beneficiary’s ongoing needs and include successor trustees to ensure consistent care. Thoughtful planning balances immediate support with long-term preservation of benefits and resources to promote stability for the family member.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provide personalized estate planning assistance to Hanford residents and families across Kings County. We focus on creating clear, enforceable documents and practical strategies that reflect each client’s financial circumstances and family goals. Whether you need a simple will, a revocable living trust, or more complex trust arrangements, we walk through the process step by step and prepare documents that address incapacity, healthcare directives, and guardianship nominations. Our aim is to help clients achieve peace of mind by putting a workable plan in place for the future.
Clients choose our office for clear communication, thorough preparation, and practical solutions tailored to their circumstances. We take time to understand family dynamics and financial situations before recommending documents such as trusts, wills, or powers of attorney. Our drafting emphasizes precision to avoid ambiguity and to create documents that will function as intended under California law. We also assist with trust funding and coordinate beneficiary designations to reduce the risk of unintended outcomes and unnecessary probate administration.
We focus on helping clients implement plans that protect their interests and make transitions smoother for loved ones. That can include preparing pour-over wills, drafting HIPAA authorizations, or setting up irrevocable life insurance trusts and retirement plan trusts when appropriate. For families with unique needs, such as special needs planning or pet trusts, we include provisions to address long-term care and support. Our goal is to provide practical, durable solutions that meet clients’ current needs and can be adapted as life circumstances change.
Accessibility and responsiveness are important components of our service. We guide clients through each step, explain legal terms plainly, and provide proactive recommendations to reduce administrative burdens for families. We encourage ongoing review of plans to keep documents aligned with changing laws, family events, and financial shifts. By maintaining open communication and clear documentation, we aim to make estate planning a manageable and reassuring experience for Hanford residents and their families.
Our process starts with an initial discussion to learn about your assets, family relationships, and objectives. We review current documents and beneficiary designations, identify potential issues such as funding needs or title discrepancies, and recommend an appropriate set of documents. Drafts are prepared and reviewed with you to ensure clarity and accuracy. After execution, we assist with trust funding steps and provide copies of signed documents. We also offer follow-up reviews as circumstances change to keep plans effective and aligned with your intentions.
The first step is an in-depth review of personal and financial information to determine the best planning approach. We collect asset inventories, account statements, property deeds, and beneficiary designations to understand current ownership and transfer mechanisms. We also discuss family circumstances, caregiving priorities, and wishes for property distribution. This stage identifies any immediate issues such as untitled assets or outdated beneficiary forms and sets a plan for how to structure trusts, wills, and powers of attorney to meet your goals while complying with California requirements.
During the initial interview we ask about family structure, asset types, and personal priorities to determine which documents are needed. We review existing wills, trusts, powers of attorney, and beneficiary designations to find gaps or inconsistencies. This discussion also covers healthcare wishes and potential guardianship nominations for minor children. The review helps establish a prioritized plan for drafting and implementation so that documents are cohesive and reflect current circumstances without unexpected conflicts between instruments.
Based on the information gathered, we present recommended documents and explain how each item functions within the overall plan. We outline steps like trust funding, coordination of beneficiary designations, and whether specialized trusts are warranted. An implementation roadmap clarifies timelines and responsibilities, including any actions clients should take to retitle property or update account beneficiaries. This roadmap ensures each element is completed in the correct order so the estate plan operates as intended.
Once a plan is agreed upon, we draft tailored documents using clear, practical language to avoid ambiguity. Drafts are reviewed with the client to confirm that instructions, trustee or agent selections, and distribution provisions match expectations. Necessary adjustments are made until the documents accurately reflect the client’s intentions. We then prepare final copies for signing and explain any notary or witnessing requirements. This stage ensures the legal instruments are ready for execution and are drafted to function effectively within the client’s larger financial and family picture.
After preparing initial drafts, we meet to review each provision in detail and address questions or concerns. Revisions are incorporated to ensure clarity concerning distributions, trustee powers, and agent authorities. Clients approve the final documents once they are satisfied that language accurately captures their wishes. This collaborative review helps prevent misunderstandings and reduces the likelihood of disputes later by ensuring the written instructions are intentional and unambiguous.
We coordinate the signing process to comply with California requirements for witnessing and notarization where applicable. Proper execution is essential for the enforceability of wills, trusts, and powers of attorney. We provide guidance on where to sign, how many witnesses are needed, and when a notary public should be present. After execution, we deliver fully executed copies and advise on steps to distribute originals to trustees or safe storage locations, as well as steps needed to fund trusts and update account titles.
After documents are signed, we assist with implementing follow-up steps such as retitling assets into a trust, updating beneficiary designations, and delivering necessary notices to financial institutions or trustees. We recommend periodic reviews and updates to reflect life events such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, or changes in financial circumstances. Regular maintenance ensures the plan continues to function properly and reflects current wishes. We remain available to make amendments or to advise on petitions if trust funding or title issues arise.
Funding a trust involves re-titling assets such as real property, bank accounts, and investment accounts into the name of the trust to ensure it serves as the primary vehicle for asset management and transfer. We provide instructions and sample forms for banks, title companies, and brokerage accounts to simplify the process. Ensuring proper funding is a critical administrative step that enables the trust to avoid probate and operate according to the grantor’s distribution plan, so we offer assistance and follow-through until assets are appropriately retitled.
Estate plans should be reviewed periodically to confirm they remain aligned with current family circumstances and legal changes. We recommend regular check-ins to update beneficiaries, modify trust provisions when needed, and prepare amendments to reflect significant life events. For clients who move, acquire new assets, or experience family transitions, timely updates prevent unintended outcomes. Ongoing attention to the plan helps maintain continuity and ensures agents and trustees are aware of responsibilities and provisions intended to guide future decisions.
A revocable living trust and a will serve different roles in a plan. A revocable living trust holds title to assets during your lifetime and provides instructions for management and distribution after your death, typically allowing assets to avoid probate and maintain privacy. The grantor typically retains control while alive and can name successor trustees to manage or distribute property if incapacity or death occurs. Trusts are commonly used when avoiding probate and ensuring continuity of management is a priority. A will serves as a fallback instrument for assets that remain in your name and can also nominate guardians for minor children. Wills generally must go through probate to transfer assets titled in a decedent’s name, which can involve court oversight and public records. Many clients use a pour-over will alongside a trust to capture any assets not transferred into the trust during life, ensuring those assets ultimately move into the trust upon death and are handled according to the broader plan.
Yes. A durable financial power of attorney and an advance health care directive serve distinct but complementary purposes during incapacity. A financial power of attorney authorizes an agent to manage banking, pay bills, handle investments, and make financial transactions on your behalf. It can be effective immediately or spring into effect upon incapacity, depending on how it is drafted, and it helps avoid court-appointed conservatorship for financial matters by giving a trusted person legal authority. An advance health care directive allows you to document medical treatment preferences and to designate a health care agent to make medical decisions if you cannot. Including a HIPAA authorization further enables providers to share records with your agents. Together, these documents provide practical tools for maintaining continuity and honoring your personal preferences if you become unable to make decisions on your own behalf.
To help a trust avoid probate, the trust must be properly funded so that major assets are titled in the name of the trust prior to your death. This process typically involves re-titling real property, changing account ownership or beneficiary designations where appropriate, and transferring personal property into the trust. Effective coordination of beneficiary forms for retirement accounts and payable-on-death designations is part of the strategy to prevent probate for assets intended to pass through the trust. Even with a trust in place, some items may still require careful attention, such as assets with beneficiary designations or property held jointly. We help clients identify assets needing retitling and provide step-by-step assistance to ensure the trust is the primary vehicle for asset transfer, thereby minimizing the need for probate administration and helping families achieve a more private and efficient transition.
Most revocable trusts can be amended or revoked during the grantor’s lifetime, allowing changes as family circumstances or intentions evolve. When life events such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, or major financial changes occur, clients often need modifications to trustee designations, distribution instructions, or beneficiary allocations. We prepare amendments or restatements to document changes clearly so the trust reflects current wishes and reduces the likelihood of disputes after incapacity or death. Irrevocable trusts, once established, generally limit the ability to change terms due to their nature and potential tax or creditor implications. If a trust’s terms need modification for legitimate reasons, there are legal procedures such as trust modification petitions that may be used in certain circumstances. We evaluate the appropriate approach based on the type of trust and the nature of the requested changes.
Parents of minor children should consider guardianship nominations, a durable financial power of attorney, and an advance health care directive as fundamental components of a plan. Guardianship nominations provide clear direction about who should care for children if the parents cannot, while trusts for minors can manage inheritances and provide funds for education and support without giving a minor direct control of large sums. Choosing suitable guardians and setting terms for distributions helps protect children’s financial future. A pour-over will in conjunction with a revocable trust can help ensure any assets not transferred during life are captured by the trust at death. Parents should also review beneficiary designations on accounts to ensure funds are governed by the intended documents and consider successor care provisions to provide continuity and financial resources for the child’s upbringing and education.
A special needs trust is designed to hold funds for a beneficiary with disabilities while preserving eligibility for means-tested public benefits such as Medi-Cal or Supplemental Security Income. The trust can provide for supplemental needs like therapies, education, personal items, or transportation without being counted as personal income for benefit determination. Properly drafted special needs trusts incorporate language that clarifies trustee discretion to supplement rather than replace governmental benefits. Selecting appropriate trustee powers and funding mechanisms is important to balance support with benefit protection. The trust should be carefully structured to avoid disqualifying assets or income, and funding sources should be identified so distributions enhance quality of life without jeopardizing public assistance. We help families design trusts tailored to the beneficiary’s long-term needs and benefits eligibility.
A pour-over will works alongside a revocable trust to ensure that any assets not transferred into the trust during the grantor’s lifetime are transferred into the trust at death. The pour-over will names the trust as the primary beneficiary of any remaining probate assets, effectively funneling those items into the trust for distribution according to trust terms. It acts as a safety net to capture overlooked or newly acquired assets that were not retitled prior to death. While a pour-over will still requires probate for assets in the decedent’s name, it ensures those assets ultimately receive the same management and distribution as property already in the trust. Maintaining both documents and following trust funding steps reduces the likelihood of assets remaining outside the trust and subject to separate administration.
You should review your estate plan after major life events such as marriage, divorce, the birth or adoption of a child, the death of a beneficiary or trustee, a change in financial circumstances, or relocation to a different state. Changes in tax law or family dynamics can also warrant a plan review. Regular check-ins help ensure beneficiary designations, trustees and agents, and distribution provisions remain aligned with your current wishes and legal requirements. We recommend a periodic review at least every few years or sooner if significant changes occur. During a review, we check that documents remain enforceable, beneficiary designations are up to date, and trust funding is complete. Timely updates reduce the risk of unintended outcomes and keep plans functioning as intended for your family.
Choosing a trustee or agent involves selecting someone you trust to manage assets or make decisions according to your wishes. Consider practical factors like the person’s availability, financial and organizational capability, temperament, and willingness to assume responsibilities. Some clients prefer a trusted family member or friend, while others select a professional fiduciary or co-trustees to provide additional administrative support. Naming successor trustees or agents provides continuity if the primary choice cannot serve. It is important to discuss your intentions with the chosen individuals so they understand responsibilities and are prepared to act. Clear written instructions and provisions in documents can guide decision-making and reduce the potential for family disputes. We assist clients in evaluating options and documenting trustee or agent powers and limitations to align with personal goals.
We assist clients with trust funding by identifying assets that should be retitled, preparing transfer documents, and providing instructions to financial institutions and title companies. For real property, we prepare deeds to transfer title to the trust; for bank and investment accounts, we provide sample language and forms to change ownership or beneficiary designations. Proper coordination and follow-through are important to ensure the trust functions as the primary vehicle for asset management and transfer. In addition to retitling, we help coordinate beneficiary designation reviews for retirement accounts and life insurance to ensure retirement plan trusts or other arrangements are in place when necessary. Our office remains available to answer questions and provide additional support until funding steps are completed, helping clients achieve the intended results of their estate plans.
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