Guardianship nominations are a fundamental part of family-focused estate planning for parents who want to make clear, durable decisions about who will care for their minor children if they are unable to do so. This section provides a straightforward overview of how naming a guardian in legal documents like a will or trust helps ensure children are placed with trusted caregivers chosen by their parents. It also highlights related documents such as a pour-over will, guardianship nominations within an estate plan, and how those choices work together to protect a child’s welfare and continuity of care over time.
Creating guardianship nominations involves more than naming a person. It includes considering the guardian’s ability to provide emotional stability, financial management, and continuity of family values. For many families, it also involves coordinating the nomination with powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and trusts so that decisions can be implemented smoothly if the unexpected happens. This paragraph explains how an integrated approach can reduce future family conflict, help avoid court delays, and improve the odds that a child’s needs will be met consistently according to the parents’ wishes.
Naming a guardian provides a clear legal roadmap for who should raise and provide for your children if you cannot do so. It reduces uncertainty and helps courts follow the parents’ preferences, rather than leaving the decision to others unfamiliar with family circumstances. Guardianship nominations also allow parents to name back-up guardians, set conditions for guardianship acceptance, and coordinate financial provisions through trusts or a pour-over will so that a guardian can care for a child without immediate financial strain. Those choices contribute to emotional stability and a smoother transition for children during difficult times.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serve families throughout Bellflower and the surrounding Los Angeles County communities, providing comprehensive estate planning services that include guardianship nominations and related documents. The firm helps clients create cohesive plans that combine wills, trusts, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives so nominated guardians have clear authority and resources to care for minors. Attorneys work directly with families to understand their goals, evaluate potential guardians, draft clear nomination language, and coordinate trust provisions that support a guardian’s ability to meet a child’s long-term needs.
Guardianship nominations are legal statements, typically included in a will or estate plan, where parents designate individuals to care for their minor children if the parents die or become unable to care for them. These nominations do not automatically transfer custody at the moment of incapacity in every scenario, but they strongly guide courts and simplify transitions when the nomination is clear. Parents should review nominations occasionally, especially after major life changes such as remarriage, relocation, or changes in a chosen guardian’s circumstances, to ensure nominated guardians remain suitable and willing to serve.
A thorough guardianship nomination process considers more than a name. It involves drafting complementary documents that provide financial support and decision-making authority to the guardian, such as a pour-over will, trust provisions, and financial powers of attorney where appropriate. It also includes communicating your wishes to the nominated individuals and family members so they are prepared to act if needed. Clear documentation reduces disputes and helps ensure that the child’s educational, medical, and emotional needs are addressed by someone aligned with the parents’ values and intentions.
A guardianship nomination is a legal designation naming who you want to serve as guardian for your minor children if you can no longer care for them. Typically contained in a will or trust-related document, the nomination communicates your preference to the court that would otherwise decide guardianship matters. While courts retain authority to review what is in the child’s best interests, a clear, properly drafted nomination carries substantial weight and often streamlines the court process. Including alternate nominees and guidance about the type of care expected can further reduce ambiguity and delay during a difficult transition.
Key elements of a strong guardianship nomination include selecting a primary guardian, naming alternates, setting out any preferences or limitations, and integrating financial provisions that allow the guardian to support the child. The process typically involves a careful review of the candidate’s willingness, ability to provide day-to-day care, and capacity to manage a child’s long-term needs. Parents also consider practical issues such as proximity, work schedules, health, and parenting philosophies. Drafting clear language and coordinating nominations with estate documents helps ensure a guardian has the authority and resources needed when the time comes.
Understanding common terms used in guardianship and estate planning helps families make informed choices. This glossary section defines concepts like nomination, surrogate caregiver roles, pour-over wills, trust funding, and power of attorney. Learning these terms clarifies how nominations interact with trust documents and probate procedures, and illuminates how financial arrangements are created to support a guardian. Familiarity with terminology reduces confusion when reviewing drafts and communicating wishes to potential guardians and family members, improving the plan’s chance of being implemented as intended.
A guardianship nomination is a statement in a will or related estate planning document that names a preferred guardian for minor children. It guides a court’s decision if the parents become unable to care for their children due to death or incapacity. While the nomination is persuasive, the court will review all aspects of the child’s best interests before issuing formal guardianship. Effective nominations include alternates, can address guardianship of specific children differently, and often pair with financial provisions to ensure continuity of care without immediate financial hardship for the guardian.
A pour-over will works in tandem with a trust by directing assets that were not transferred into a trust during the testator’s lifetime to be moved into the trust at probate. When guardianship nominations are included in estate planning, a pour-over will helps ensure any remaining assets are sent into the trust so funds are available for a nominated guardian to support the child. Although assets passing through a pour-over will may still go through probate, the arrangement simplifies long-term management by consolidating assets under the trust’s terms for a guardian to administer.
Trust funding refers to the transfer of assets into a trust to be managed according to its terms. For families naming guardians, funding a trust is often essential to provide a nominated guardian with ongoing resources to pay for a child’s living expenses, education, and healthcare. Proper funding can help avoid the need for immediate court-managed accounts and reduces the administrative burden on a guardian. Funding may involve retitling assets, naming the trust as a beneficiary of accounts, or using insurance proceeds to create dedicated resources for the child’s care.
An advance health care directive allows a person to name someone to make medical decisions on their behalf and to record their healthcare preferences in case they become unable to communicate them directly. While this document does not name a guardian for children, it complements guardianship nominations by clarifying who will make adult medical decisions and by helping ensure continuity of care for the family unit. In planning for potential incapacity, combining health care directives with guardianship nominations and powers of attorney helps create a cohesive plan for both children and parents.
Families may choose between simple nominations in a will, combined trust-and-will plans, or additional arrangements such as life insurance policies and trust funding to support a guardian. A straightforward will nomination provides clear direction but may leave funding gaps and require probate. Trust-based arrangements can offer faster access to funds and ongoing management for a child’s benefit, though they require more upfront planning and administration. Evaluating these options in the context of your family’s assets, geography, and relationships helps determine the right combination to protect both the child’s care and financial needs.
A limited approach that relies mainly on naming a guardian in a will may be sufficient for families with modest assets, straightforward family dynamics, and clear, willing guardian candidates who can shoulder both caregiving and financial responsibility. When there are minimal estate assets to manage and the nominated guardian is prepared to adapt quickly, the simplicity of a will nomination can reduce planning costs and complexity. Families should still consider naming alternates, communicating wishes with chosen guardians, and ensuring legal documents are updated periodically to reflect changing circumstances.
For parents planning short-term arrangements, such as when a guardian will care for a child temporarily until a longer-term plan is established, a nomination in a will combined with clear written guidance for the guardian may be adequate. This route often suits families anticipating imminent life changes that will be resolved soon or those with trusted friends or family ready to provide short-term assistance. Even in transitional situations, it is wise to include practical details and coordinate with any financial instructions to reduce uncertainty for a temporary caregiver.
A comprehensive approach is often necessary when families have significant assets, blended or complex family structures, or unique needs such as children with disabilities. In these cases, combining guardianship nominations with funded trusts, pour-over wills, and other supporting documents helps ensure financial resources are available and distributed according to the parents’ priorities. Comprehensive plans can also reduce the risk of disputes, coordinate succession across multiple caregivers, and create mechanisms for long-term oversight of how a guardian uses resources for a child’s benefit.
When a child will require long-term oversight or when parents want specific conditions for distributions, a comprehensive plan that includes trusts, trustee appointment, and detailed instructions can provide structured management. Such provisions allow parents to preserve assets for a child’s future, designate the timing and purpose of distributions, and appoint guardians or trustees who coordinate care and finances. These features can protect a child’s inheritance from mismanagement, creditor claims, or unintended consequences while ensuring day-to-day care needs are met by the nominated guardian.
A coordinated plan that combines guardianship nominations with trusts, pour-over wills, and powers of attorney ensures that a guardian has both legal authority and financial resources to care for a child without prolonged court involvement. This holistic approach can reduce delays, provide a clearer path for financial management, and preserve family intentions through detailed instructions. It also helps families plan for contingencies by naming alternates and outlining conditions for distributions so that a guardian can respond quickly and confidently to the child’s evolving needs.
By planning comprehensively, families can customize how and when assets are used for a child’s benefit, protect funds from misuse, and coordinate estate passing to reduce tax and administrative burdens. Thorough documentation also helps minimize disputes among relatives by making the parents’ intentions explicit and legally binding where appropriate. This approach provides emotional reassurance to parents that their nominated guardian will have access to the resources needed to fulfill the child’s educational, medical, and everyday needs, maintaining continuity in the child’s life.
One main benefit of a comprehensive approach is providing predictable financial support for the child through mechanisms such as funded trusts, life insurance designations, and pour-over will arrangements. These measures allow nominated guardians to manage a child’s expenses without immediate financial hardship or the need to liquidate assets abruptly. Clear trust instructions and trustee roles also enable parents to set milestones and conditions for distribution, assuring that resources are used responsibly and in accordance with the family’s priorities for the child’s upbringing and future education.
A comprehensive plan reduces ambiguity about parental wishes and decreases the likelihood of disputes among relatives by documenting nominations, financial arrangements, and instructions. This clarity helps a nominated guardian assume responsibility with fewer interruptions, decreases the need for prolonged court oversight, and promotes a more orderly transition for the child. When family members understand the plan and the roles of guardians and trustees, the child benefits from steady care and fewer legal interruptions that might otherwise disrupt schooling, medical care, and daily life.
Selecting potential guardians and discussing responsibilities early gives time to evaluate their willingness and ability to provide stable care. Conversations should address day-to-day parenting expectations, financial needs, and practical arrangements like schooling and medical care. Early dialogue reduces surprises and increases the likelihood the nominated person will accept the role when needed. It also allows parents to consider alternates and to make adjustments based on life changes. Preparing a written summary of preferences can help the chosen individual respond quickly and consistently if the need arises.
Keeping nominations and related documents current is important as family dynamics, financial circumstances, and the availability of chosen guardians change over time. Review your documents after major life events like marriage, divorce, birth of additional children, or a guardian’s change in health or residency. Updating instructions and discussing changes with family members helps prevent disputes and ensures your choices remain appropriate. Periodic review also allows your plan to reflect current laws and best practices so nominated guardians have clear, enforceable guidance.
Formal guardianship nominations give parents control over who will raise and care for their minor children if the parents are unable to do so. Without a nomination, courts may choose a guardian based on varying standards and evidence, which can lead to outcomes different from the parents’ wishes. Making a nomination reduces uncertainty, speeds the court process, and helps ensure continuity in a child’s living arrangements, schooling, and medical care. It also provides peace of mind knowing that contingency plans are in place and legally recorded.
Another reason to consider formal nominations is to coordinate financial support for the guardian and child. Naming guardians without addressing funding can leave a caregiver struggling to maintain the child’s lifestyle and pay necessary expenses. Integrating nominations with trust funding, beneficiary designations, and clear instructions for use of assets ensures a nominated guardian can focus on caregiving rather than immediate financial logistics. This combination of people-centered and financial planning protects a child’s long-term well-being and aligns resources with parental intentions.
Parents often need guardianship nominations in circumstances such as the unexpected death of a parent, prolonged incapacity, or when a parent faces deployment, long-term illness, or hazardous work. Guardianship nominations are also important for single parents, blended families, and families with children who have special needs that require ongoing care. These nominations provide clear guidance in outages of parental care and are especially important when family dynamics might lead to disagreements about the best person to assume responsibility for a child’s care.
When a parent dies unexpectedly, having a nominated guardian reduces the time needed for decisions about a child’s future and helps courts honor the parent’s preference. The nomination helps direct the child into a household prepared by someone the parent trusts, reducing disruptions in schooling, medical care, and daily routines. Families should ensure the nominated guardian is informed, willing, and capable of assuming care, and should coordinate the nomination with financial provisions so the guardian has immediate and ongoing resources to meet the child’s needs without undue delay.
Long-term incapacity or serious illness can make it impossible for a parent to continue providing daily care. Guardianship nominations paired with powers of attorney and advance health care directives ensure a caregiver can step in quickly to manage the child’s daily life while also handling legal and financial responsibilities. This planning prevents gaps in decision-making and helps maintain continuity for the child’s medical and educational needs. Clear instructions and coordinated financial measures reduce stress and confusion for the appointed guardian and the family.
Blended families with step-parents and multiple parental relationships can face added complexity when deciding who should care for minors if a parent cannot. Guardianship nominations allow parents to set out precise preferences that account for blended household dynamics, including naming who should care for which children and under what circumstances. Clear nominations can reduce legal disputes among relatives and help the court respect the wishes of parents who want particular arrangements for their children’s upbringing. Coupling nominations with financial instructions ensures resources follow the child wherever they live.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provide personalized planning services in Bellflower to help families create clear guardianship nominations and coordinated estate plans. We assist in identifying suitable guardians, drafting nomination language, establishing trust provisions or pour-over wills, and aligning financial documents so a guardian can assume care with minimal delay. The goal is to give parents practical, durable solutions that protect a child’s welfare and reduce family disruption. Initial consultations focus on understanding family values and practical needs to design the right plan.
Our firm helps families in Bellflower and across Los Angeles County develop guardianship nominations that reflect parental priorities and practical realities. We draft precise nomination language, suggest effective alternate arrangements, and coordinate those choices with trusts and wills so resources and authority align when caregivers take over. The approach emphasizes clarity, communication with nominated guardians, and periodic reviews to keep plans current as life changes. Families gain a documented path for protecting children that reduces uncertainty and legal friction in emergency situations.
Beyond document preparation, the firm guides clients through decisions about funding a trust, creating pour-over wills, and naming fiduciaries who will manage assets for a child’s benefit. We explain how each document functions, the practical steps necessary for funding a trust, and options for appointing trustees or guardians who can coordinate care over time. This guidance helps families make informed choices about the timing and mechanics of their plans and prepares nominated caregivers to assume responsibility effectively when needed.
Families working with our office receive attention to both the relational and financial aspects of guardianship planning. We help parents weigh candidate suitability, discuss contingency plans, and create written guidance for nominated guardians about schooling, medical care, and family values. Our work also focuses on ensuring that financial arrangements are in place so a guardian can concentrate on caregiving rather than immediate financial logistics. Regular reviews and updates are encouraged to keep plans aligned with a family’s evolving circumstances.
Our process begins with a consultation to learn about your family, your children’s needs, and your goals for guardianship and asset management. We then recommend a practical combination of documents—such as a will with guardianship nominations, trust funding strategies, and advance health care directives—tailored to your situation. Drafts are reviewed collaboratively, and final documents are executed with clear instructions for nominated guardians. We also provide guidance on communicating plans to family members and updating documents as circumstances change.
The first step is a focused meeting to understand your family structure, assets, and preferences for who should care for your children. We discuss potential guardians, alternate nominees, and any special needs that may affect the plan. This review includes evaluating how assets will be used to support a guardian and whether a trust or other financial arrangements are appropriate. The goal is to capture your intentions and identify the documents needed to make those intentions effective and practical in real-world situations.
During the initial meeting we explore your values, priorities for your children’s upbringing, and preferred guardian candidates, considering issues like living proximity, parenting philosophy, and family relationships. This conversation helps determine whether a simple nomination suffices or if an integrated trust and funding plan is necessary. We also discuss potential alternates and contingencies to ensure the plan remains workable if a nominated guardian later becomes unavailable. Careful matching of expectations with written instructions reduces potential conflict and uncertainty.
We assess your assets and discuss strategies to ensure a guardian has access to funds needed for ongoing child support, education, and healthcare. This includes reviewing beneficiary designations, life insurance, and whether a trust should be funded now or over time. Aligning financial arrangements with guardianship nominations prevents gaps that could otherwise burden a caregiver. We also identify documents that should be included in a coordinated plan, such as a pour-over will, financial powers of attorney, and advance health care directives that support the family during a transition.
In the drafting phase we prepare clear guardianship nominations and any complementary documents, including trusts, pour-over wills, and powers of attorney. Drafts are reviewed with you to ensure they reflect your wishes precisely and account for contingencies and alternates. We provide plain-language guidance so nominated guardians and family members understand their roles. This step emphasizes creating enforceable language that reduces ambiguity and aligns legal authority with the financial resources designated to support a child’s care over time.
We draft nomination language that names a primary guardian and alternate nominees, establishes conditions for guardianship acceptance, and outlines any parental preferences for the child’s upbringing. This language is designed to be clear to courts and family members alike, reducing the potential for disagreement. Including alternates and specifying preferences for schooling, healthcare, and religious upbringing can guide a nominated guardian and help the court interpret the parents’ intentions if the need arises.
We prepare any necessary trust documents and advise on funding strategies so assets are available to a guardian when needed. This includes reviewing beneficiary designations, retitling accounts, and advising on life insurance placement to provide direct support for a child. Careful coordination prevents probate delays from hindering access to funds and clarifies how distributions should be used. Creating a well-funded trust or other arrangements gives a guardian the tools needed to focus on the child’s day-to-day wellbeing rather than immediate financial management.
After documents are finalized, execution follows state legal requirements, such as signing, witnessing, and notarization where required. We encourage clients to share their nominations and general plan with chosen guardians and relevant family members to ensure readiness. Once implemented, periodic reviews are scheduled to update nominations, funding, and instructions as family circumstances evolve. Ongoing review keeps the plan aligned with current laws and personal situations, helping ensure the nominated guardian will be supported and prepared to act when needed.
Proper execution ensures that guardianship nominations and related documents are valid and effective under California law. We guide clients through signing and witnessing requirements and provide copies to nominated guardians and other fiduciaries. Providing a summary of parental preferences to the guardian can be invaluable during urgent situations, helping them make decisions consistent with the parents’ values. Document execution and clear communication minimize confusion and allow a smoother transition of responsibilities for the child’s care.
Life changes such as relocation, marriage, divorce, or changes in a guardian’s ability to serve may require updates to nominations and funding arrangements. We advise clients to review their plans regularly and after major life events to ensure nominations remain appropriate and assets are correctly titled or designated. Periodic updates help prevent unexpected conflicts and make it more likely a nominated guardian will be able to carry out the parents’ wishes effectively and without undue legal delay.
Naming a guardian designates who you want to take physical custody and day-to-day care of your minor children if you are unable to do so. A trustee, by contrast, is appointed to manage financial assets held in a trust for the child’s benefit. While these roles may be filled by the same person, they serve distinct functions: guardians handle personal and caregiving tasks, and trustees manage funds according to trust terms. Coordinating both roles can streamline care and financial management, but parents can assign them separately to match the strengths of different individuals. Choosing whether to appoint the same person as guardian and trustee depends on the individuals involved and the complexity of the child’s financial needs. If the guardian also manages trust funds, clear instructions and oversight mechanisms can help ensure proper use. In other cases, appointing a separate trustee provides financial accountability and professional management without burdening the guardian with complex asset administration. Planning both roles in tandem helps prevent confusion and ensures the child’s living and financial needs are met coherently.
Yes, parents can name different guardians for individual children if they prefer distinct caregivers for particular children. This approach may reflect differences in age, special needs, or particular relationships with extended family members. When naming separate guardians, it is important to lay out the nominations clearly in your will or estate documents and to consider alternate nominees in case a named guardian is unable or unwilling to serve. Clear documentation reduces disputes and helps the court follow the parents’ documented preferences. When separate guardians are named, parents should also address combined care scenarios, such as education, medical decision-making, and the division of assets to ensure fairness and clarity. Coordinating financial supports and specifying how decisions will be handled among guardians can reduce conflicts and provide a smoother transition for the children. Including written guidance about parental values and routines helps each guardian understand expectations and provides consistency across separate homes.
A court aims to act in the child’s best interests and will give substantial weight to a clear parental nomination, especially when the nominee is willing and able to serve. However, courts retain discretion and may consider other factors, such as the child’s ties to a potential guardian, prior custody arrangements, and any evidence of unfitness. Well-drafted nomination language and supporting documentation that identify alternates and provide context for the parents’ choices improve the likelihood a court will honor the parent’s stated preferences. To strengthen the enforceability of a nomination, parents should communicate their choice with the prospective guardian and ensure the nominated individual is prepared to take responsibility. Supplementing a nomination with financial planning, trust funding, and written notes about the child’s needs adds clarity for the court and increases the chance the court will follow the parents’ wishes. Regular review and updating also help maintain the nomination’s relevance over time.
Ensuring a guardian has funds involves structuring your estate plan so assets intended for a child are accessible and managed according to your objectives. Options include funding a trust with instructions for distributions, naming the trust as a beneficiary of life insurance or retirement accounts, or establishing a pour-over will that directs remaining assets into a trust. Proper funding and beneficiary designations prevent delays and provide a guardian with resources to cover living and educational expenses without immediate strain. In addition to funding, appointing a trustee to manage financial resources can relieve a guardian of complex asset management duties while ensuring funds are used according to parental instructions. Clear trust provisions that outline permissible uses, timing for distributions, and oversight mechanisms help safeguard a child’s assets. Consulting on appropriate funding strategies ensures the guardian has immediate and ongoing support for the child’s needs.
Yes, it is strongly recommended you talk with the person you plan to name before including them in your documents. Discussing the responsibilities and expectations gives the prospective guardian an opportunity to confirm their willingness and capacity to care for your child. Open communication also allows you to explain your parenting preferences, routines, medical needs, and schooling expectations, helping the nominated individual prepare emotionally and practically for the role. Informing the chosen guardian and alternates reduces surprises and makes the transition smoother if the nomination needs to be enacted. It also permits the chosen person to raise any concerns about logistics or financial issues so those matters can be addressed in the plan. Having candid conversations before formalizing documents ensures your choice is realistic and increases the likelihood the guardian will accept the responsibility when required.
Review guardianship nominations periodically and especially after major life events like marriage, divorce, relocation, births, or changes in a nominated guardian’s circumstances. Regular reviews help ensure your nominations remain suitable and that funding and beneficiary designations still align with your intentions. Updating documents after significant life changes reduces the chance of unintended outcomes and ensures your nominated guardian can still meet the child’s needs effectively. A practical schedule is to revisit your estate plan every few years or when major family changes occur. This review should include checking the legal validity of the documents, confirming the willingness of nominated individuals, and verifying that trust funding and beneficiary designations are current. Regular upkeep maintains the plan’s effectiveness and reduces stress for both parents and caregivers.
In many circumstances a guardian can be compensated for reasonable expenses incurred while caring for a child, particularly when funds are available through a trust or estate provision. The structure of compensation depends on the terms parents provide in their planning documents, local law, and the availability of assets intended for child support. Including clear instructions about compensation in a trust or will helps avoid disputes and ensures a guardian is not financially disadvantaged by taking on caregiving responsibilities. If compensation is intended, documents should define reasonable reimbursements, permissible expenses, and mechanisms for accounting or oversight. Appointing a trustee to manage payments and provide periodic accounting can create transparency and protect the child’s assets. Clear planning helps balance the guardian’s needs with the child’s best interests and prevents conflicts over use of funds.
If a nominated guardian is unable or unwilling to serve, a properly drafted plan will typically name alternate nominees to step in. Naming multiple alternates and specifying the order of succession increases the likelihood that a court or family will readily identify an appropriate caregiver. Without alternates, the court may need to select a guardian based on evidence and the child’s best interests, which can lead to delays and uncertainty during a difficult period for the family. To prepare for the possibility that a nominee cannot serve, discuss alternates with family members and update documents as circumstances change. Including clear guidance on preferences and contingency steps in your estate plan helps reduce ambiguity and supports a smoother transition of care to a nominated alternate when necessary.
Guardianship nominations typically focus on minors but parents of adult children with disabilities should plan differently to ensure ongoing care and benefits. For adult children who need long-term support, a trust, such as a special needs trust or other arrangements, can be used to provide for care without affecting government benefits. Naming a caregiver or conservator for an adult requires different legal instruments and careful coordination so that the adult’s public benefits and long-term needs are preserved. If you have an adult child with disabilities, discuss options that include establishing a trust to manage funds and naming a person to assist with decision-making and daily care. Proper planning ensures continuity of care, access to necessary services, and protection of public benefits while providing a structure for trusted individuals to manage financial and personal needs on the adult child’s behalf.
Guardianship nominations relate to who will care for minor children, while an advance health care directive addresses medical decision-making for an incapacitated adult. Both are important parts of a comprehensive family plan: a nomination designates a caregiver for children, and an advance directive ensures an adult’s own medical preferences are known and someone can make decisions for them. Together, these documents help manage both the care of minors and the parents’ medical situations so family needs are addressed in a coordinated way. When drafting both types of documents, coordinate names and roles so responsibilities are clear and overlap is intentional where desired. For example, parents may name the same person to make medical decisions for an incapacitated parent and serve as a child’s guardian, but separate roles can also be assigned to distribute duties. Clear documentation prevents conflicts and helps ensure continuity of care for both children and incapacitated adults.
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