A Financial Power of Attorney is an essential estate planning tool that allows an individual to designate someone to manage financial affairs if they are unable to do so. This page explains how a durable financial power of attorney functions, who should consider creating one, and how it fits within a broader estate plan including revocable living trusts, wills, and health care directives. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we provide clear guidance on drafting documents that reflect your wishes and ensure continuity of financial management for your family and assets in Belvedere and across California.
Choosing the right powers and limitations in a Financial Power of Attorney can prevent confusion and disputes later on. This section describes common provisions such as immediate versus springing authority, the scope of powers for paying bills, managing investments, handling real property, and filing taxes. It also explains related documents like HIPAA authorizations and guardianship nominations, and how a financial power of attorney interacts with trusts and wills. Our approach focuses on practical protections, clear language, and coordination with other estate planning documents to reduce the risk of future challenges.
A Financial Power of Attorney provides a framework for trusted individuals to manage financial matters when a principal cannot act, helping to avoid court-supervised conservatorships that are time-consuming and costly. Benefits include allowing timely payment of bills, continuity in managing bank accounts or investments, and the ability to address immediate financial decisions without delay. When combined with a revocable living trust and a pour-over will, a properly drafted power of attorney helps preserve assets and maintain family stability. Clear delegation of authority reduces friction among loved ones and supports an orderly transition of financial responsibilities.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman in San Jose focus on creating practical estate plans tailored to each client’s needs across California. We help clients in Belvedere and surrounding communities with a range of documents from Financial Powers of Attorney to revocable living trusts, Heggstad petitions, and guardianship nominations. Our team takes a client-centered approach that emphasizes clear communication, thorough document coordination, and careful attention to state law to help avoid probate complications. We work to make sure your financial authority arrangements are reliable, enforceable, and aligned with your overall plan.
A Financial Power of Attorney is a legal document where the principal names an agent to act on their behalf for financial matters. Important distinctions include durable versus non-durable powers, and immediate versus springing authorities that take effect either upon signing or upon a specified event such as incapacity. Typical powers granted include banking transactions, managing investments, filing taxes, and overseeing real estate transactions. Proper drafting ensures that the agent’s authority is clear, limits are understood, and the document integrates with other estate planning components like trusts and wills to prevent overlapping instructions or unintended consequences.
It is important to choose an agent who is trustworthy and capable of making financial decisions consistent with your wishes. The document can include successor agents, conditions for activation, and instructions for how powers should be exercised. Financial powers can be broad or narrowly tailored, and may include express authority to handle retirement accounts or to transfer assets into a trust. Properly executed documents conform to California formalities and often include notarization or witness requirements to ensure acceptance by banks and institutions.
A Financial Power of Attorney legally enables a named agent to manage specified financial affairs on behalf of the principal. This may include paying bills, managing bank accounts, collecting income, handling investments, entering or terminating contracts, and managing real property. The document should define the scope of authority, any limitations, and whether the authority is durable and continues during incapacity. Clear definitions reduce disputes and ensure third parties accept the agent’s actions. Including express permissions for actions like handling retirement accounts or transferring assets to a trust helps avoid institutional resistance.
A well-drafted Financial Power of Attorney includes the principal’s identification, designation of primary and successor agents, a description of granted powers, activation conditions, and termination terms. Additional elements include witness and notarization requirements, optional HIPAA authorizations for access to financial-related health information, and explicit authority for handling specific asset classes like retirement plans or life insurance trust transfers. The implementation process typically involves consulting with an attorney or advisor, reviewing existing estate planning documents, signing with proper formalities, and distributing copies to banks, advisors, and the named agent.
Understanding common terms helps principals and agents navigate financial authority documents. The glossary below explains words such as durable, springing, agent, principal, successor agent, notarization, and scope of authority. Clear definitions assist in drafting targeted provisions and communicating expectations. Knowing these terms supports informed decision-making when deciding what powers to grant or withhold, and how those powers will interact with trusts, wills, and other estate planning instruments. Accurate terminology reduces ambiguity and improves the likelihood that institutions will honor the document.
A durable power of attorney remains effective even if the principal becomes incapacitated. Including durability language prevents the document from terminating upon the principal’s loss of capacity, allowing the appointed agent to manage financial affairs without interruption. This feature is important for continuity of financial management and helps avoid the need for court-appointed conservatorship. Durable powers should explicitly state their intent to survive incapacity and comply with California wording preferences to ensure banks and other institutions accept the agent’s authority when it is needed most.
A springing power of attorney becomes effective only upon the occurrence of a specified event, usually the principal’s incapacity. Activation often requires a determination by one or more physicians, or other evidence as described in the document. While springing powers can provide reassurance that the agent will act only when necessary, they may introduce delays or administrative hurdles when institutions request proof of incapacity. Drafting the activation standard carefully helps balance control with practicality, and alternative activation mechanisms can be considered to prevent unnecessary complications.
The agent is the person authorized to act under a Financial Power of Attorney, while a successor agent steps in if the primary agent is unable or unwilling to serve. Naming reliable successor agents ensures continuity and reduces the likelihood of disputes. The document should specify the order of succession, any conditions for appointment, and limitations on the agent’s authority. Careful consideration of who to appoint protects the principal’s financial interests and supports smooth administration when circumstances change.
Notarization and witness requirements provide evidence of the principal’s signature and mental capacity at the time of signing. California often accepts notarized powers of attorney and may require witnesses for certain documents. Notarization increases institutional acceptance and reduces challenges to validity. Witnesses and a notary public help document formalities and deter claims of undue influence. After signing, distributing copies to banks, brokers, and trusted advisors ensures the agent can act promptly when needed.
When planning for financial management, individuals may choose between limited powers that authorize specific tasks or comprehensive powers that provide broad authority to manage most financial matters. Limited approaches work well for narrow situations, like authorizing a single transaction or temporary management while traveling. Comprehensive arrangements reduce the need for multiple documents and simplify long-term oversight, but they require careful selection of an agent and clear drafting to reflect the principal’s wishes. Understanding the trade-offs helps people select the option that best balances control, convenience, and protection.
A limited financial power is often adequate when a principal needs someone to sign documents for a specific transaction or for a temporary absence. Examples include authorizing someone to close a real estate sale, manage a single bank account, or handle a defined business matter during travel. Limited documents are focused and easier to revoke once the purpose is complete. They reduce exposure by narrowly tailoring authority and are useful when full-time or long-term management is not necessary, while still providing an efficient legal mechanism for designated tasks.
Limited powers are appropriate when the principal wants to allow an agent to perform a small set of tasks such as collecting payments, signing tax returns for a specific year, or accessing specific accounts. This option minimizes the scope of authority and prevents broader decision-making on investments or property transfers. It can be combined with other estate planning documents to preserve overall control while addressing immediate practical needs. Clear expiration dates or conditions further ensure that limited authority ends when the intended purpose is fulfilled.
A comprehensive financial power of attorney is often the best choice when a principal expects the need for ongoing financial management or wishes to plan for the possibility of long-term incapacity. Broad authority allows an agent to manage bill payments, investments, tax filings, and real estate matters without repeated document updates. This continuity helps maintain financial stability and protects against missed obligations. Including successor agents, spending standards, and reporting expectations supports oversight while allowing practical day-to-day management on behalf of the principal.
Comprehensive powers are useful when estate plans include trusts, retirement plan trusts, or life insurance trusts that require ongoing administration or coordination. An agent with broad authority can move assets into a revocable living trust, handle certification of trust matters, and assist with retirement plan distributions consistent with the principal’s plan. This reduces fragmentation among documents and helps ensure that the financial management approach is coherent, minimizing the risk of assets being overlooked or court involvement being necessary for continued administration.
A comprehensive Financial Power of Attorney provides flexibility, continuity, and reduced administrative burden by granting an agent the authority to manage a wide range of financial matters. This approach helps families avoid delays in paying bills, managing investments, and tracking income, which can prevent missed opportunities and reduce stress during difficult times. When coordinated with a revocable living trust and a pour-over will, comprehensive authority supports cohesive asset management and can help preserve family resources by minimizing the need for court interventions or emergency measures.
Comprehensive documents also make it easier for financial institutions and advisors to work with the appointed agent, because the scope and intent are clearly expressed. Including successor agents and explicit powers for tax and retirement matters reduces ambiguity and helps ensure that the agent can act promptly. Clear limitations and instructions can be listed to safeguard the principal’s wishes, and periodic review of the document keeps it aligned with changing circumstances and laws, promoting ongoing protection of assets and family interests.
Granting comprehensive financial authority ensures that critical bills and obligations are handled without interruption, even during illness or incapacity. Continuity avoids late fees, loss of services, or other negative consequences from missed payments. An empowered agent can work with banks, creditors, and government agencies to manage accounts, collect income, and make decisions consistent with the principal’s directions. This steady oversight helps protect credit ratings, maintains account access, and supports long-term asset preservation for the principal’s beneficiaries.
A comprehensive power of attorney that is drafted to coordinate with trusts, wills, and other documents reduces conflicts and uncertainty. It allows an agent to take actions that align with the principal’s overall plan, such as funding a revocable living trust or handling distributions consistent with trust terms. By anticipating how different documents interact, the principal can minimize gaps that might otherwise require court involvement. Clear coordination also gives family members reassurance that decisions will follow the principal’s expressed wishes.
When naming an agent under a Financial Power of Attorney, prioritize individuals who are reliable, have good judgment, and are willing to serve. Consider availability and proximity as practical factors since agents may need to attend to matters in person. Naming one or more successor agents can provide protection if the primary agent is unable to serve. Discuss your intentions with the chosen agents so they understand your priorities and any specific instructions. Written guidance within the document about spending practices or reporting expectations reduces misunderstandings and supports better decision-making.
After executing a Financial Power of Attorney, provide copies to banks, brokers, retirement plan administrators, and any advisors who may need to recognize the agent’s authority. Keep the original in a secure but accessible location, and give trusted family members or advisors information about where it is stored. Ask the appointed agent to maintain accurate records of transactions made on your behalf to ensure transparency and facilitate oversight. These steps help ensure the agent can act when necessary and that third parties will accept the document without delay.
A Financial Power of Attorney should be considered by anyone who wants to ensure financial affairs are managed during periods of absence, illness, or incapacity. It is particularly important for those with mortgages, complex investment accounts, or business interests that require ongoing attention. Older adults, people with chronic conditions, and those planning long-term care arrangements often benefit from appointing trusted agents. Integrating a financial power with a broader estate plan can help minimize disruptions and ensure bills, taxes, and assets are handled in accordance with the principal’s intentions.
Family caregivers and successors also gain clarity from having a financial power in place, which reduces the need for emergency court proceedings to appoint a conservator. A properly drafted document can also facilitate timely access to accounts for payment of care costs or to respond to unexpected financial needs. For business owners, naming an agent who can manage business checks and payroll avoids interruptions. Overall, this planning tool supports orderly financial management and protects the principal’s interests and legacy.
Typical circumstances where a Financial Power of Attorney is valuable include sudden illness, planned surgeries, travel abroad, age-related declines, or long-term care needs. It also helps in situations where an individual becomes temporarily unavailable to handle routine financial matters or when repetitive transactions require delegated authority. Business owners and real estate owners frequently use powers of attorney to permit trusted agents to sign documents or manage transactions. Addressing these potential scenarios in advance helps ensure that financial obligations are met and decisions are made smoothly when the need arises.
If you expect to undergo surgery or travel for an extended period, appointing an agent in a Financial Power of Attorney ensures bills and accounts are managed while you are unable to act. This prevents missed payments, suspended services, or delayed transactions. The document can be tailored to activate only during the specific time you are unavailable or can be durable to cover additional contingencies. Communicating with your appointed agent and providing necessary account information in advance makes the transition smoother and preserves financial stability.
As individuals age, the likelihood of needing assistance with financial matters increases. A Financial Power of Attorney allows a trusted person to manage ongoing finances, address care-related expenses, and coordinate with healthcare directives. Planning ahead avoids emergency measures and helps family members manage expectations during stressful periods. The document can include guidance about spending priorities and limitations, and should be coordinated with retirement plan trusts, beneficiary designations, and any trust arrangements to ensure consistent implementation of the overall estate plan.
Business owners and property owners often rely on Financial Powers of Attorney to maintain operations or complete transactions when they are unavailable. An agent can sign closing documents, manage payroll, and ensure that contractual obligations are met. Including clear authority for handling business accounts and real estate matters avoids stalls and protects relationships with vendors and tenants. For complex holdings, coordination with other estate documents like a revocable living trust or a retirement plan trust ensures seamless administration and reduces the risk of disputes during critical transitions.
Our team provides practical assistance to clients in Belvedere and throughout California who need Financial Powers of Attorney and related estate planning documents. We help you determine the appropriate scope of authority, draft clear language for activation and limitations, and ensure the document complements your will, trust, and healthcare directives. We also assist with communicating the plan to named agents and distributing copies to institutions. Guidance is focused on reducing future friction, ensuring continuity, and aligning financial authority with your goals and family circumstances.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provide experienced estate planning services tailored to clients in Belvedere and across California. We help create Financial Powers of Attorney that are practical, legally sound, and coordinated with your broader estate plan including trusts, wills, HIPAA authorizations, and guardianship nominations. Our focus is on clear drafting, realistic instructions, and careful attention to how institutions will interpret the document. We prioritize client communication so that you and your family understand the implications and mechanics of the powers granted.
We also assist with selecting appropriate successor agents, defining activation standards, and including specific powers related to retirement accounts, life insurance trusts, and trust funding. Our process includes reviewing your existing documents, suggesting complementary provisions, and ensuring proper execution formalities such as notarization and witness signatures where beneficial. By coordinating all estate planning documents, we help reduce potential conflicts and create a cohesive plan that supports the client’s financial and legacy objectives.
Clients benefit from pragmatic guidance on distributing copies to financial institutions and advisors, and receiving a clear roadmap for agent duties and recordkeeping. We discuss strategies for transferring assets when appropriate, and for minimizing the need for court involvement if incapacity occurs. Our goal is to provide durable solutions that preserve family resources and provide clear directions for those who will act on your behalf, supporting an orderly transition when life’s uncertainties arise.
Our process begins with a detailed consultation to understand your goals, assets, family dynamics, and any business interests. We review existing estate planning documents such as revocable living trusts, wills, and HIPAA authorizations to ensure consistency. After discussing potential agents and successor choices, we draft a Financial Power of Attorney tailored to your preferences and circumstances. We explain activation standards, powers granted, and any limitations, assist with signing formalities, and provide guidance on distributing copies to relevant institutions to ensure the agent can act when necessary.
During the initial consultation, we gather information about your assets, family members, and existing estate documents. We discuss what decisions you want an agent to make and any constraints you want to impose. This stage is focused on alignment between financial powers and other estate planning tools such as trusts and wills. We also identify accounts and institutions that may require specific wording or notarization. This groundwork ensures the Financial Power of Attorney will be practical and effective when presented to third parties.
We explore your priorities, including bill payment, investment management, tax matters, and property transactions. Understanding these priorities helps us tailor the scope of authority and include any instructions relevant to retirement accounts, trust funding, or real estate. We also identify potential agents and successors and discuss safeguards to protect your interests. Clear communication at this stage reduces the need for revisions and helps ensure that the final document reflects both your goals and practical considerations of institutions that will rely on the power of attorney.
We carefully review any existing wills, trusts, HIPAA authorizations, or guardianship nominations to ensure consistency and avoid contradictory instructions. Where documents overlap, we draft language to clarify how the Financial Power of Attorney interacts with other instruments and outline sequencing for actions like trust funding or beneficiary changes. This coordination reduces the risk of disputes and helps create a single, coherent plan for managing your affairs during incapacity or absence.
In the drafting phase, we prepare a tailored Financial Power of Attorney that reflects your chosen powers, activation conditions, and any limitations. The document includes primary and successor agents, detailed authority descriptions, and optional clauses for reporting and recordkeeping. We also address notarization or witness needs and prepare any related documents such as HIPAA authorizations. The goal is a clear, enforceable instrument that institutions will accept and that provides the agent with the tools needed to manage your financial affairs responsibly.
Customization allows you to grant specific authorities, such as handling investment accounts or signing real estate documents, while restricting other actions like making lifetime gifts or changing beneficiary designations if desired. We suggest clear language for each power and add successor agent provisions to ensure continuity. Tailored provisions provide a balance between flexibility and protection, enabling the agent to address routine matters without overreaching, and ensuring that sensitive decisions adhere to your explicit instructions.
We prepare any related authorizations you may need, including HIPAA releases for financial-related health information and coordination documents for trust funding or retirement plan access. We also draft notices and a distribution list so that banks, advisors, and caregivers receive copies as appropriate. These supporting materials help ensure the agent can act promptly and that institutions recognize the agent’s authority without unnecessary delays, promoting continuity in financial management when it matters most.
After finalizing the document, we assist with proper execution, including notarization and witness signatures when recommended. We provide guidance on where to keep the original, who should receive copies, and how to notify institutions and advisors. It is recommended to review the Financial Power of Attorney periodically, especially after major life events such as marriages, divorces, births, or significant changes in assets, to confirm it remains current and effective. Periodic review helps maintain alignment with your evolving circumstances and legal changes.
We guide clients through signing requirements and suggest notarization to increase acceptance by banks and agencies. Proper execution documents the principal’s capacity and intent and usually reduces institutional resistance. We can coordinate signing appointments and provide certified copies when necessary for financial institutions and advisors. Ensuring that formalities are observed helps avoid future disputes about the document’s validity and demonstrates the principal’s careful planning for continuity of financial management.
Financial Powers of Attorney should be reviewed periodically to ensure they still reflect the principal’s wishes and accommodate changes in assets, family relationships, or laws. Amendments or restatements may be appropriate after significant events like changes in marital status, acquisitions of major properties, or relocation across states. We help clients update language, replace agents, and confirm that related estate planning documents remain coordinated. Regular review keeps the plan functional and reduces the risk of gaps when the agent is called upon to act.
A Financial Power of Attorney can grant your agent authority to manage a broad range of financial matters on your behalf. Typical powers include accessing bank accounts, paying bills, collecting income, managing investment accounts, filing taxes, and handling transactions related to real property. Documents can be drafted to include specific permissions for retirement plan transactions, transfers to a trust, or handling life insurance issues. The scope should be tailored to your needs and can include successor agents, activation conditions, and explicit limitations to reflect how you want financial decisions handled. It is important to draft the document with clear language outlining what the agent may and may not do. Explicit authority reduces the likelihood that banks or other institutions will refuse to accept the agent’s actions. Including notarization or witness statements increases institutional acceptance and provides evidence of the principal’s intent. Communicating the powers to your chosen agent and trusted family members ensures everyone understands the responsibilities and boundaries intended in the document.
To ensure a Financial Power of Attorney is effective upon incapacity, include durable language stating that the authority continues if you become incapacitated. Some people prefer a springing power that activates only when incapacity is medically confirmed, but springing documents can require additional proof and may delay action. Durable powers avoid interruption by allowing the agent to act when you lack the capacity to manage financial matters. Clear activation language and compliance with California formalities increase the likelihood that institutions will recognize the document when needed. Establishing a durable power also works best when the agent and successor agents are identified in advance and when supporting documents such as HIPAA authorizations and trust certifications are prepared. Notarization and consistent recordkeeping help demonstrate the document’s validity. Informing financial institutions and advisors about the power and providing copies ahead of time reduces friction if the agent must step in during a health crisis or emergency.
Yes, you can place limitations on the powers granted to your agent. The Financial Power of Attorney can specify which actions are permitted or prohibited, include spending limits, and require the agent to obtain consent for certain transactions. Restrictions might include prohibiting lifetime gifts, limiting authority over real estate sales, or requiring dual signatures for large transactions. Carefully drafted limitations balance protection with flexibility and can be tailored to your comfort level regarding your agent’s authority. Including detailed instructions or standards the agent must follow can provide additional safeguards. For instance, you can request periodic accounting, require consultation with another trusted person before certain actions, or set clear goals for spending and asset preservation. Legal counsel can help ensure that limitations are enforceable and do not create operational obstacles that prevent the agent from fulfilling necessary duties when urgent decisions arise.
A Financial Power of Attorney appoints an agent to manage financial matters on your behalf, while a trust is an arrangement where assets are held and managed by a trustee for beneficiaries according to the trust’s terms. A revocable living trust can hold title to assets and dictate distribution after your death, whereas a power of attorney simply permits someone to act on your behalf during your lifetime. The two tools serve complementary roles: a power of attorney addresses management during incapacity, and a trust helps avoid probate and directs asset distribution after death. Coordinating these documents is important to prevent conflicting instructions. For example, a power of attorney can grant authority to fund a revocable living trust or to manage assets that have not been placed into the trust. Proper coordination ensures the agent can carry out the principal’s intentions and that the estate plan operates smoothly without creating unintended gaps or disputes among family members and institutions.
Choose successor agents who are trustworthy, available, and competent to manage financial affairs when needed. Consider people who have a demonstrated record of responsible financial behavior and who understand your wishes and values. Family members, close friends, or professional advisors may serve as agents, and naming one or more successor agents ensures continuity if the primary agent is unable to serve. Discuss the responsibilities with potential agents before appointment so they are prepared for the role. It is also prudent to consider practical factors such as proximity, willingness to serve, and capacity to handle complex transactions. For business owners, a trusted business partner or manager might be appropriate. Naming a professional fiduciary can be an option in some situations, but clients often prefer trusted family or friends. Clear communication and occasional check-ins with your chosen agents help maintain readiness and avoid surprises.
Many banks and financial institutions will accept a properly drafted and executed Financial Power of Attorney, especially when it includes clear language, notarization, and relevant identification information. Institutions may have internal forms or require specific wording, so it’s helpful to check with the institutions beforehand and provide copies in advance. Preparing a certification of trust or related documentation can also be useful when the power interacts with trust assets or requires evidence of authority. If an institution questions the document, having it reviewed or accompanied by an attorney’s letter can help. Notarization and witness signatures improve acceptance and reduce the chance of refusals. When institutions refuse, we can assist by providing guidance, negotiating with the institution, or suggesting alternative strategies such as obtaining a court order where necessary.
You can revoke or replace a Financial Power of Attorney at any time while you have the capacity to do so. Revocation should be done in writing, and copies of the revocation should be given to the current agent and any institutions that previously received the power of attorney. It is also advisable to create a new document if you want to change agents or alter the scope of authority, and to reclaim or update the original copy held by the agent or institutions. After making a revocation, notify banks, brokers, and other entities in writing and provide them with the new documents. Recording the revocation where necessary and retrieving previously distributed copies helps prevent unauthorized action by an agent who is no longer authorized. Legal counsel can assist in ensuring revocation is properly documented and communicated to avoid conflicts or misunderstandings.
Including instructions about reporting and recordkeeping in the Financial Power of Attorney can provide important safeguards and enhance transparency. You may include requirements for periodic accountings, submission of receipts, or consultations with a co-agent or another trusted person for major transactions. These provisions help protect the principal’s assets and provide reassurance to family members that the agent will act responsibly. Clear expectations encourage careful management and reduce the likelihood of disputes over agent actions. Reporting obligations should be practical and not overly burdensome so that the agent can perform necessary tasks efficiently. Tailoring the level and frequency of reporting to the complexity of the estate and the relationship with the agent strikes a useful balance. Legal counsel can draft reporting requirements that are enforceable and aligned with the principal’s oversight preferences while enabling the agent to act effectively when urgent decisions are required.
A Financial Power of Attorney can include express authority to manage retirement accounts and provide instructions for beneficiaries, but it cannot change beneficiary designations that are contractually set by the retirement plan or insurance policy unless the plan permits such changes by an agent. It is important to clarify whether the agent has authority to direct distributions, make rollovers, or take required minimum distributions when appropriate. Coordination with a retirement plan trust or other beneficiary planning tools helps ensure distributions align with your overall objectives. Because beneficiary designations often override instructions in a will, coordinating the power of attorney with beneficiary designations and trusts is critical. If the goal is to move retirement assets into a trust or to manage retirement distributions in a certain way, the document should clearly describe that authority and any limitations. Consulting with advisors about tax consequences and plan rules helps avoid unintended penalties or adverse tax outcomes.
After executing a Financial Power of Attorney, provide copies to your chosen agent, successor agents, financial institutions, and any advisors who may need to rely on the document. Keep the original in a secure, accessible location and inform trusted family members where it is stored. Consider delivering certified copies to banks and brokers in advance so that the agent can act without delay if needed. Ensuring that the named agent has access to necessary account information and a record of contacts expedites management when action is required. Additionally, review the document periodically and after major life events like marriage, divorce, or significant changes in assets. Update the document if you need to replace an agent, change the scope of authority, or reflect changed priorities. Maintaining consistent coordination among your will, trusts, and healthcare directives helps ensure that the Financial Power of Attorney functions smoothly within your overall estate plan.
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