An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) can be an effective tool for managing life insurance proceeds outside of a taxable estate and providing clear distribution instructions to beneficiaries. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help clients in Echo Park and throughout Los Angeles County understand how an ILIT can fit into a broader estate plan. This guide explains core concepts, common uses, and practical steps for creating and funding an ILIT so you can make informed decisions tailored to your family’s financial and legacy goals.
Deciding whether an ILIT is appropriate involves careful consideration of family dynamics, tax planning goals, and the terms of existing estate planning documents like wills and revocable living trusts. An ILIT can offer creditor protection for life insurance proceeds and remove those proceeds from an estate for certain tax purposes when properly structured and funded. We outline what to expect during the planning process, the responsibilities of trustees, and how beneficiaries receive proceeds so you can plan with confidence and clarity.
An ILIT matters because it creates a formal structure for holding and distributing life insurance proceeds according to your wishes while helping to manage tax exposure and estate liquidity. For families who want to provide immediate financial resources at a loved one’s death or to equalize inheritances without forcing the sale of other assets, an ILIT can be valuable. The trust arrangement governs how proceeds are used, can protect funds from probate delays, and offers a level of asset separation that several families find helpful when planning for long-term needs and financial stability.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provide estate planning services for individuals and families across California, including clients in Echo Park and Los Angeles County. Our firm focuses on developing practical plans that reflect personal values and financial realities, with attention to how life insurance interacts with other estate planning documents. We emphasize clear communication, careful drafting, and assistance through funding and administration steps so clients understand their options and the operational aspects of trusts, trusteeship, and beneficiary coordination.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a distinct legal arrangement that holds a life insurance policy for the benefit of named beneficiaries under terms you set. Because the trust is irrevocable, ownership of the policy is transferred out of your individual estate once the trust is funded and formalities are completed. The trust documents direct how proceeds are paid out, whether in lump sums or over time, and may include provisions for managing funds for minor children, individuals with special needs, or other long-term financial objectives.
Establishing an ILIT typically involves several steps: drafting trust documents that meet legal requirements, transferring or causing a new policy to be owned by the trust, and coordinating gifts to the trust to pay premiums if needed. Trustees accept obligations to manage the policy, handle premium payments, and distribute proceeds according to the trust’s terms. Because the trust is designed to be irrevocable, the choices you make at formation are significant and should be deliberate, with attention to potential tax consequences and the practical needs of beneficiaries.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is created to hold life insurance outside of an individual’s taxable estate, providing clear instructions for premium payments, policy ownership, and beneficiary distributions. The trust becomes the policy owner and beneficiary, which separates the proceeds from the grantor’s personal assets. Trustees manage the policy and trust assets according to the document’s terms, ensuring distributions follow your intentions. Proper drafting and timely funding are important to secure the intended benefits and to reduce the risk that proceeds will be included in the grantor’s estate for tax or creditor purposes.
Key elements of an ILIT include the trust document that names trustees and beneficiaries, the assignment or purchase of a life insurance policy by the trust, and the mechanism for funding premium payments. Processes include drafting clear distribution provisions, coordinating gifts to the trust if the grantor will fund premiums, and documenting transfers to show that the trust legally owns the policy. Trustees must maintain records, ensure timely premium payments, and follow the trust’s direction for distributions, all while complying with applicable tax and probate rules.
Understanding common terms helps demystify an ILIT and supports better decision making. This section explains frequently used words and phrases—like grantor, trustee, beneficiary, premium funding, estate inclusion, and gift tax implications—so you can read trust documents with greater confidence. Knowing these definitions reduces surprises during administration and makes communication with trustees and family members clearer. If you’re reviewing sample provisions or comparing trust options, this glossary will help you see how each term affects practical outcomes for beneficiaries and the grantor’s estate plan.
The grantor is the person who creates the trust and transfers assets or assigns ownership rights to the trust. In the context of an ILIT, the grantor typically establishes the trust document, names trustees and beneficiaries, and may fund the trust with gifts used to pay insurance premiums. Once the grantor transfers ownership of a life insurance policy to an irrevocable trust, the grantor gives up direct control over the policy. Understanding the grantor’s role clarifies who makes strategic decisions at the outset and how those decisions shape the trust’s operation after funding.
The trustee is the person or corporate entity appointed to manage the trust assets and carry out the trust’s terms. For an ILIT, trustees handle responsibilities such as ensuring premium payments, maintaining records, communicating with beneficiaries, and distributing proceeds according to the trust’s provisions. Trustees have fiduciary duties to act in the best interests of beneficiaries and must follow the trust language precisely. Selecting the right trustee matters because trustees oversee administrative tasks that directly affect whether the trust operates as intended and whether tax or inclusion risks are minimized.
Beneficiaries are the individuals or entities designated in the trust document to receive benefits from the trust, including life insurance proceeds. The trust specifies how and when beneficiaries receive funds—options often include lump sum payments, installment distributions, or payment for specific expenses such as education or healthcare. Beneficiaries may be family members, charitable organizations, or other entities. Clear beneficiary designations and distribution provisions help prevent misunderstandings and make administration smoother for the trustee after a claim is paid.
Funding refers to the process of ensuring the trust can meet its obligations, especially paying insurance premiums. A grantor may make gifts to the trust so the trustee can pay premiums, or the trust may purchase a policy directly. Proper documentation of gifts and timely premium payments is important to establish that ownership has passed to the trust and to avoid unintended tax consequences. Funding arrangements should be planned to align with the trust’s long-term objectives while maintaining compliance with gift tax and other applicable rules.
When evaluating whether an ILIT is appropriate, it helps to compare it with alternatives such as owning a life insurance policy personally, naming beneficiaries directly, or using proceeds within a revocable living trust. Each approach has different implications for estate inclusion, probate, liquidity, and control. Personal ownership often keeps proceeds in the estate, while direct beneficiary designations are simpler but less structured. An ILIT provides a tailored structure for distribution and estate separation but requires formal setup and ongoing administration. Consider the goals you have for tax planning, asset protection, and ease of administration when choosing between options.
A limited approach, such as keeping a policy in personal ownership or relying on direct beneficiary designations, can be appropriate for individuals whose policy values are modest relative to their estate or whose planning objectives are straightforward. If the goal is simply to provide immediate cash to cover final expenses and there are no substantial concerns about estate taxes or creditor claims, a simpler arrangement can reduce administrative burdens. People with uncomplicated family situations and minimal risk of estate tax exposure often find this streamlined route meets their needs without creating an irrevocable trust structure.
A limited approach can also suit those seeking temporary coverage, perhaps to protect a mortgage or provide short-term income replacement. For time-bound needs, owning a policy directly or maintaining beneficiary designations that pay quickly to survivors may offer enough protection without the permanence of an irrevocable trust. When coverage is intended to meet near-term obligations rather than long-term legacy or tax planning goals, the simplicity of a direct ownership model can result in faster payouts and easier administration at the time of a claim.
A comprehensive strategy such as an ILIT becomes more relevant when estate tax exposure or potential creditor claims could significantly affect what beneficiaries receive. When life insurance proceeds might otherwise be included in a sizable estate, transferring ownership into an irrevocable trust can remove those proceeds from estate calculations in appropriate circumstances. Additionally, family business interests, significant retirement balances, or complex asset structures often require coordinated planning to preserve value for heirs while providing liquidity and creditor protection at death.
Families with blended relationships, beneficiaries with special needs, or others who require structured distributions benefit from more comprehensive planning. An ILIT allows the grantor to specify how and when funds are distributed, protecting inheritances from mismanagement, young ages, or competing claims. These tailored distribution plans can provide ongoing support for education, health care, or lifetime needs while maintaining legal protections and clarity about trustee responsibilities, thereby reducing the likelihood of disputes among surviving family members.
A comprehensive approach can deliver multiple advantages when a life insurance policy is integrated into a trust arrangement. Benefits may include removal of proceeds from the taxable estate under certain circumstances, structured distributions to address family needs, and more predictable administration after death. This structure also helps provide liquidity for estate settlement costs without forcing the sale of other assets. Thoughtful drafting can reduce ambiguity, provide trustee direction, and create a clearer path for beneficiaries to receive and manage proceeds in line with the grantor’s intentions.
Beyond tax and distribution benefits, a trust-based plan can protect policy proceeds from probate delays and in some circumstances from creditor claims, depending on the legal context and timing of transfers. When combined with other estate planning documents like wills, revocable living trusts, and powers of attorney, an ILIT becomes part of a cohesive plan that addresses incapacity, decision making, and legacy goals. The result is a coordinated map for preserving wealth, supporting family members, and ensuring clearer administration at a difficult time.
One major benefit of placing life insurance in an irrevocable trust is the potential to reduce estate tax exposure and create liquidity for settling the estate. When properly implemented and funded, the policy proceeds held by the trust can pay estate taxes, outstanding debts, and administrative costs without forcing the sale of business interests or real property. This preserves other assets for heirs. Achieving these goals requires careful attention to timing, documentary evidence of transfers, and alignment with overall estate planning objectives.
An ILIT provides a mechanism to control how proceeds are used after a policyholder’s death, offering protections for beneficiaries who may not be ready to manage large sums. Through the trust instrument, the grantor can set conditions, timeframes, or payment methods to meet specific needs like education or long-term care. This structure reduces the risk that proceeds are misused, and it can shield funds from certain claims when structured correctly. Clear distribution language enhances predictability and reduces family conflict during administration.
When transferring a life insurance policy to a trust or causing a trust to acquire a new policy, careful documentation is essential. Keep records of assignments, trust acceptance, and any gifts used to pay premiums. Proper paperwork helps establish that the trust owns the policy and supports the intended estate planning outcome. Clear documentation also assists trustees and beneficiaries during administration and can be important if questions arise regarding estate inclusion or tax treatment. Maintain a central file with the insurance company correspondence, trust instrument, and premium payment records.
An ILIT requires a funding plan to ensure premium payments are made on time. The grantor can make gifts to the trust to cover premiums or the trust can own a policy purchased with trust assets. Consider the timing and size of gifts in light of gift tax rules and the trust’s projected premium obligations. Consistent funding prevents lapses in coverage that could undermine the trust’s objectives. Reviewing premium obligations periodically and updating the plan as life circumstances and insurance needs change is a practical habit for successful trust operation.
Individuals consider an ILIT for several reasons, including removing life insurance proceeds from an estate, providing structured support for beneficiaries, and ensuring liquidity at death to pay taxes and final expenses. An ILIT can keep proceeds out of probate and allow control over distributions to heirs who may need long-term financial protection. For those with complex assets, business interests, or blended families, the ILIT’s design can address unique concerns while integrating with other estate planning tools like wills, revocable trusts, powers of attorney, and healthcare directives.
Other considerations include creditor protection and preserving retirement and real estate assets for heirs rather than converting them to cash to settle obligations. The trust structure can also support charitable intentions by naming charities as beneficiaries or by directing a portion of proceeds to philanthropic causes. As part of a comprehensive planning conversation, an ILIT should be evaluated alongside other documents and financial arrangements so that it complements existing plans and serves long-term family goals for wealth transition and care.
Clients frequently consider an ILIT when they face potential estate tax exposure, have beneficiaries who need structured distributions, own business interests, or anticipate creditor claims that could affect inheritances. Life events such as remarriage, a growing estate subject to tax planning, or caring for a family member with ongoing needs often prompt consideration of a trust-based life insurance strategy. In many cases, an ILIT is one part of a coordinated planning approach that adds clarity and direction to how life insurance proceeds will be managed once the policyholder dies.
Individuals with substantial assets or estates approaching taxable thresholds often use an ILIT to manage the tax implications of life insurance proceeds. By transferring ownership of a policy to an irrevocable trust and following the proper timing and funding steps, it may be possible to reduce the portion of assets subject to estate tax. This approach is considered alongside other strategies such as lifetime gifting, retirement account planning, and business succession planning to balance tax efficiency with the family’s overall legacy objectives.
For families with children from prior relationships or complex beneficiary situations, an ILIT offers an opportunity to control distributions and balance different interests. The trust can allocate proceeds in specified ways, ensuring that certain family members receive intended benefits while providing for other heirs in a manner that minimizes contention. Specific provisions in the ILIT can address timing, conditions for distributions, and trustee discretion to manage funds responsibly, reducing the risk of disputes and protecting the grantor’s wishes.
When beneficiaries are minors or have ongoing care needs, the structured environment of an ILIT can be particularly beneficial. The trust allows the grantor to set age-based distributions or conditions for payments, and to appoint trustees who will manage funds prudently for the beneficiary’s long-term welfare. This approach reduces the chance that an inheritance is quickly exhausted and ensures that funds are available for education, healthcare, and other long-term needs. Thoughtful trust provisions provide a predictable source of support aligned with the grantor’s wishes.
Although the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman are based in San Jose, we assist clients throughout California, including Echo Park and Los Angeles County, with estate planning matters such as ILITs. We respond to local needs, coordinate with other advisors by phone and secure communications, and help make sure documents meet California requirements. If you are considering an ILIT to address estate tax planning, beneficiary protection, or liquidity needs, we will explain options and next steps in plain language and work with you to develop a plan that fits your circumstances.
Clients choose the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman because we provide pragmatic estate planning solutions tailored to each family’s needs. We prioritize clear drafting, thorough funding plans, and careful coordination with financial advisors and insurance carriers. Our approach is to listen, present options, and prepare documents that reflect your goals for protection, distribution, and administration. We aim to make the process straightforward so you can implement an ILIT with confidence and have a plan in place for the future.
We assist with the full lifecycle of ILIT planning, from drafting trust documents to coordinating policy transfers, documenting gifts, and advising trustees about recordkeeping and premium payments. Our service includes practical guidance about trustee selection, beneficiary provisions, and integration with other estate planning documents such as wills, revocable trusts, powers of attorney, and healthcare directives. We strive to provide responsive support during setup and when questions arise during administration so clients and families feel supported over time.
Our firm also helps clients consider the long-term effects of their decisions, including potential tax and creditor implications and the interplay between life insurance proceeds and other estate assets. We work to ensure that an ILIT aligns with your broader goals for legacy, family protection, and financial management. With careful planning and documentation, an ILIT can be an effective component of a comprehensive estate plan that addresses both practical and personal concerns.
Our ILIT planning process begins with an initial consultation to review your assets, family situation, and objectives for life insurance proceeds. We assess whether an ILIT fits within your broader estate plan, draft trust documents with clear trustee and beneficiary instructions, and coordinate with insurers and trustees to effect transfers or trust-owned policy purchases. Throughout the process we focus on documentation, funding plans, and practical administration steps to help ensure the trust operates as intended and aligns with legal and tax considerations.
During the initial assessment we gather information about existing policies, estate size, beneficiary needs, and any anticipated tax concerns. We discuss objectives such as removing proceeds from the estate, providing for minor beneficiaries, or ensuring liquidity for taxes and expenses. Based on that review, we outline options and a recommended path forward, including whether to transfer an existing policy into a trust, have the trust purchase a new policy, or pursue alternative strategies that better fit your goals and circumstances.
Drafting the ILIT document requires careful language that names trustees and beneficiaries, specifies distribution rules, and sets procedures for premium funding and trustee actions. We prepare documents that comply with California law and reflect practical administration steps. The trust instrument will include provisions for recordkeeping, trustee powers, and directions for handling insurance policies. Clear drafting reduces ambiguity and provides trustees with the authority they need to manage the policy and trust assets consistently with the grantor’s wishes.
If the plan involves transferring ownership of an existing policy, we coordinate with the insurance company to assign ownership to the trust and confirm beneficiary designations align with the trust. This step involves obtaining necessary forms, documenting the assignment, and ensuring that the insurer recognizes the trust as owner and beneficiary. Where a trust purchases a new policy, we assist with policy applications and integrate premium payment arrangements so the trust can maintain coverage in accordance with the funding plan.
Once the trust is formed and the policy is owned by the trust, the funding stage ensures premiums are paid and records are maintained. The grantor may make gifts to the trust to cover premiums, and trustees must document receipts and payments. Ongoing administration includes monitoring premium schedules, maintaining communications with the insurer, and updating beneficiary or distribution provisions as necessary within the trust’s terms. Good recordkeeping and timely actions help preserve the trust’s intended benefits and reduce risk of unintended estate inclusion.
When the grantor contributes funds to the trust for premium payments, it’s important to document gifts properly to establish clear evidence of funds provided for the trust’s use. Regular gift timing and appropriate documentation help support the trust’s operations and may be relevant for tax reporting. We advise clients on the mechanics of gifts in California and how to structure them for compliance with federal gift tax rules, while considering the practical need to keep the policy in force and aligned with the trust’s financial plan.
Trustees should maintain organized records of premium payments, correspondence with the insurance company, trust bank accounts, and beneficiary communications. Regular reporting to beneficiaries and periodic reviews of the trust’s status promote transparency and reduce misunderstandings. Our firm can provide guidance and templates for recordkeeping and help trustees understand the obligations involved. Good communication and documentation streamline administration and support efficient claims processing when the time comes to access policy proceeds.
When the insured passes away, the trustee files a claim with the insurance company and distributes proceeds according to the trust terms. This stage requires accurate beneficiary information, claims documentation, and coordination with other estate settlement activities. Trustees may also use proceeds to pay estate taxes and administrative expenses if the trust authorizes such use. Clear trust provisions and organized records help ensure timely claims processing and orderly distribution of funds to beneficiaries in accordance with the grantor’s instructions.
The trustee gathers necessary documentation such as death certificates and policy information to submit a claim to the insurance company. Insurers typically require prompt notification and certain forms to process the claim. Once proceeds are received by the trust, the trustee follows the distribution rules set in the trust document, whether that means immediate payments, structured installments, or funding of specific expenses. Proper administration at this stage helps beneficiaries access funds efficiently.
Trust distributions should be coordinated with any ongoing estate settlement matters to ensure that funds are used as intended and that tax or creditor concerns are addressed. Trustees may consult with counsel and accountants to determine appropriate timing and methods for distributions. If trust proceeds are available to pay estate taxes or debts, trustees follow trust language and legal obligations to resolve those obligations. Thoughtful coordination reduces delays and helps beneficiaries receive support in accordance with the grantor’s objectives.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a legal entity created to own a life insurance policy and hold the proceeds for the benefit of named beneficiaries. When the trust is properly formed and the policy is transferred or purchased by the trust, ownership of the policy moves from the individual to the trust. This change of ownership creates a structure for managing how proceeds are paid and distributed, and it requires trustees to follow the trust’s directions when administering the policy. The trust document establishes the terms for distribution, names trustees and beneficiaries, and sets out how premiums will be handled. Because the trust is irrevocable, the grantor generally gives up direct control over the policy and must follow formalities to ensure the trust operates as intended. Careful drafting and timely funding are important to achieve the desired outcomes and to reduce the risk of unintended tax or inclusion consequences.
Transferring a policy to an ILIT can help remove the policy proceeds from the grantor’s taxable estate when transfers and timing are handled correctly. If the trust owns the policy and the grantor does not retain incidents of ownership, proceeds may not be included in the estate for federal estate tax purposes. Proper documentation of the transfer and any gifts used to fund premiums supports the intended outcome and helps align the trust with tax planning goals. Timing matters because transfers close to the time of death can be subject to special rules that bring proceeds back into the estate under certain circumstances. It’s important to coordinate transfers with broader estate planning strategies and to document the trust’s ownership and funding to reduce the risk that proceeds will be treated as estate property.
A trustee’s responsibilities include managing the policy, ensuring premiums are paid, maintaining accurate records, communicating with beneficiaries, and following the trust’s instructions regarding distributions. Trustees must collect and preserve documentation related to policy ownership and payments and act in good faith to carry out the grantor’s wishes as set forth in the trust instrument. Trustees also handle administrative tasks such as filing claims and coordinating with counsel or tax advisors when necessary. Because trustees hold fiduciary duties, selecting a trustee who understands the administrative obligations and is willing to act responsibly is important. Trustees should be prepared to consult with professionals on complex issues and to keep beneficiaries informed in a manner consistent with the trust’s terms and applicable legal requirements.
Yes, an ILIT can be structured to provide for minor children or beneficiaries with particular care needs by specifying conditions and timing for distributions. The trust document can set age-based disbursement schedules, authorize payments for education, housing, or healthcare, and allow trustees discretion to make distributions for a beneficiary’s best interests. These provisions help ensure funds are used for intended purposes rather than being distributed outright to someone who may not be ready to manage a large sum. For beneficiaries with ongoing medical or care needs, the trust can be drafted to preserve eligibility for certain public benefits while providing supplemental support. Clear language and careful coordination with special needs planning principles help protect long-term assistance while offering financial resources that enhance the beneficiary’s quality of life without disrupting essential benefit programs.
Premiums for a policy owned by an ILIT are typically funded through gifts to the trust from the grantor or by trust assets if the trust has sufficient funds. The grantor may make annual gifts to the trust to cover premium obligations, and in some arrangements those gifts qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion if handled properly. Documentation of gifts and a reliable schedule for transferring funds to the trust support ongoing premium payments and help maintain the policy in force. It is important to track these contributions carefully and to coordinate with tax advisors about reporting and gift tax considerations. Timely contribution and documentation reduce the risk of lapses in coverage and help the trustee meet obligations without interruption, preserving the intended benefit for beneficiaries.
If the grantor dies shortly after transferring a policy to an ILIT, certain rules may cause the insurance proceeds to be included in the grantor’s estate. For example, federal rules can bring transferred assets back into the estate if the transfer occurs within a specified period before death. This makes timing and careful planning essential when moving policies into an irrevocable arrangement. Proper planning and legal guidance can mitigate risks by ensuring transfers and ownership changes follow applicable rules. To avoid unintended estate inclusion, it is important to document the transaction clearly and allow adequate time between transfer and other estate actions where possible. Where a short timeframe exists, alternative strategies or supplemental planning may be necessary to preserve the intended benefits and reduce potential tax or creditor exposure.
Yes, an ILIT can own a new policy purchased after the trust is formed, with the trust named as the owner and beneficiary. In that scenario, the trust would apply for the policy and manage premium payments and policy maintenance under the trust’s terms. Purchasing a policy directly in the name of the trust simplifies ownership documentation and avoids the need for later assignment, provided the insurer accepts the trust as the applicant and owner. When a trust purchases a new policy, funding to cover initial and ongoing premiums must be planned so the trust remains solvent and can maintain coverage. Clear documentation and coordination with the insurance company ensure the trust is properly recognized as owner and that policy details align with the trust’s distribution objectives.
Choosing the right trustee involves assessing reliability, organizational ability, and willingness to handle administrative obligations such as paying premiums, maintaining records, and filing claims. Some clients name family members or trusted friends when those individuals have the capacity and interest to serve, while others select a corporate trustee or professional fiduciary who can provide continuity and institutional support. Considerations include geographic accessibility, financial acumen, and expected longevity in the role. The trust document should clearly define the trustee’s powers and duties, including authority to invest, make distributions, and engage advisors. Providing guidance and backup succession provisions for trustees helps ensure smooth administration if the original trustee is unable to serve or a replacement is needed.
An ILIT may provide a measure of protection from certain creditors for the proceeds held within the trust, but protections depend on timing, the nature of creditor claims, and state law. Because the trust owns the policy, proceeds are not distributed to beneficiaries until the trustee follows the trust’s terms. This separation can make it more difficult for creditors to reach those funds in some circumstances, but protections are not absolute and vary by context. It’s important to plan transfers and trust terms with awareness of potential creditor issues and to consult with counsel about how state law and particular facts affect protections. Proper timing, documentation, and legal structuring can improve the likelihood that trust-held proceeds remain available for beneficiaries rather than being vulnerable to claims against the grantor or beneficiaries.
An ILIT should be coordinated with other estate planning documents such as wills, revocable living trusts, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives to create a unified plan. The ILIT handles life insurance proceeds and may supplement distributions from other plans, while the will or revocable trust addresses other assets and personal property. Coordination reduces inconsistencies and ensures beneficiary provisions align across documents to reflect the grantor’s overall intentions. Regular reviews are important because changes in family circumstances, tax law, or asset composition may require updates to the ILIT or related documents. Working with legal and financial advisors ensures that the ILIT and the remainder of the estate plan operate together to accomplish long-term goals and practical needs for loved ones.
Criminal Defense
Homicide Defense
Manslaughter
Assault and Battery
Assault with a Deadly Weapon
Battery Causing Great Bodily Injury
Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence Protection Orders
Domestic Violence Restraining Order
Arson Defense
Weapons Charges
Illegal Firearm Possessions
Civil Harassment
Civil Harassment Restraining Orders
School Violence Restraining Orders
Violent Crimes Defense
Estate Planning Practice Areas