At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help Glendora families plan for the long-term financial security and care of a loved one with disabilities through carefully drafted special needs trust arrangements. A well-crafted trust protects public benefits while preserving funds for quality of life needs that government programs do not cover. This introduction explains what a special needs trust does, who should consider one, and how local California rules and federal benefit programs intersect with trust planning. We focus on clear, practical steps so families can start protecting their loved ones without delay.
Families often face uncertainty when managing assets for a person with a disability. Proper planning for a special needs trust can prevent loss of eligibility for Medi-Cal and Supplemental Security Income while holding resources to pay for housing, medical supplements, therapies, education, transportation, and other quality-of-life expenses. Our goal is to outline the planning choices available in Los Angeles County, explain how different trust forms interact with state and federal benefit rules, and provide a roadmap to drafting documents that reflect a family’s values and long-term caregiving goals.
A special needs trust serves as a tool to balance resource management with public benefit preservation, which can make a profound difference in the life of someone with disabilities. The trust can fund services and comforts outside benefit program coverage, while preserving eligibility for critical government assistance. For families in Glendora, this planning reduces stress about future care, creates financial oversight tailored to individual needs, and sets clear instructions for trustees and caregivers. Thoughtful trust drafting can also coordinate with other estate planning documents to ensure seamless transition and continuity of care over time.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serve clients across California, offering practical estate planning services focused on trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives. Our approach emphasizes listening to family priorities, assessing benefits eligibility, and drafting documents that are clear and enforceable. We work with trustees and caregivers to prepare administration guidance that aligns with California rules and benefit program requirements. Families who engage us receive personalized planning that accounts for current needs and anticipated future changes, including coordination with retirement accounts and insurance arrangements.
A special needs trust is a legal arrangement that holds assets for the benefit of a person with disabilities while preserving eligibility for public assistance programs. The trust is drafted to pay for supplemental items and services that improve quality of life without being counted as available resources for means-tested benefits. Establishing such a trust requires precise language and careful administration, including naming a trustee, specifying permissible distributions, and addressing successor provisions. Planning also considers how incoming funds, gifts, or inheritances will be routed into the trust to avoid jeopardizing benefits.
There are different types of special needs trusts, including third-party trusts funded by family members and certain self-settled trusts that meet statutory standards. Each form has implications for creditor claims, estate recovery, and benefit eligibility. Understanding which trust fits a family’s situation depends on asset ownership, the beneficiary’s current and expected benefits, and long-term caregiving goals. Our team explains these distinctions in straightforward terms and helps families choose the structure that meets their objectives while complying with California and federal rules.
A special needs trust is a fiduciary arrangement created to manage assets for an individual with disabilities while preserving access to means-tested public programs. Its core purpose is to pay for extras not provided by government benefits, such as therapy, transportation, personal care items, education, or recreation. The trust is governed by a trustee who follows written instructions about what distributions are appropriate. Accurate drafting is essential to ensure that the trust’s language prevents assets from being deemed available resources under benefit program rules, safeguarding both benefits and supplementary support.
Important parts of special needs trust planning include selecting an appropriate trustee, drafting distribution standards that align with benefit program rules, coordinating with other estate documents, and establishing administrative procedures for record-keeping and reimbursement obligations. Additional steps involve funding the trust, notifying service providers as appropriate, and preparing successor trustee instructions. Regular review is also necessary as laws and a beneficiary’s circumstances change. These elements work together to create a reliable framework for managing resources while protecting access to essential public benefits.
Understanding specialized terminology helps families make informed decisions about trust planning. Below we define commonly used terms in plain language so clients can follow the planning process and ask informed questions. Clear definitions make it easier to coordinate with trustees, financial advisers, and service providers, ensuring everyone involved understands how trust funds may be used and what obligations exist with regard to public benefits and potential estate recovery claims.
A special needs trust is a legal arrangement meant to hold assets for a person with disabilities without disqualifying them from means-tested public benefits. It is managed by a trustee who follows instructions regarding allowable distributions intended to supplement, not replace, government-provided services. The trust must be drafted with precise language to comply with applicable laws. Regular administration includes careful record-keeping of expenses and distributions that serve the beneficiary’s supplemental needs while preserving eligibility for programs like Medi-Cal or Supplemental Security Income.
A third-party trust is paid for with assets belonging to someone other than the beneficiary, typically family members. Funds placed into a third-party trust are not counted as the beneficiary’s personal assets and can be used to provide additional comforts, services, or supports that public benefits do not cover. Because the trust assets belong to the grantors and not the beneficiary, creditor and estate recovery risks differ from self-settled trusts. Estate integration and beneficiary directives are planned so distributions align with family intentions and benefit program rules.
A self-settled trust holds assets belonging to the beneficiary, such as proceeds from a personal injury settlement. Specific statutory forms exist in California that allow a self-settled trust to hold those assets while preserving eligibility for public benefits, provided the trust contains required provisions. Such trusts must address reimbursement obligations to state programs under certain circumstances and often include successor provisions to manage remaining assets. Proper drafting ensures the trust meets statutory standards and administrative requirements.
Trust administration refers to the trustee’s ongoing duties, including managing trust assets, making distributions per the trust terms, maintaining accurate records, filing required reports, and communicating with benefit agencies when appropriate. Good administration also involves keeping receipts for purchases, documenting how distributions benefit the beneficiary, and conducting periodic reviews of the trust’s structure as laws and needs change. Administrative care is essential to preserve benefits and demonstrate that trust funds were used solely for supplemental purposes.
Choosing between a special needs trust and other planning options depends on asset ownership, the beneficiary’s age and health, and long-term family goals. Alternatives include direct gifts, conservatorship, or relying on government benefits alone, each with advantages and trade-offs. A trust can be tailored to provide supplemental support while protecting eligibility, whereas direct gifts may disqualify benefits. Conservatorship places decision-making in a court-appointed guardian’s hands, which some families prefer to avoid. We help families weigh these options to match financial resources and caregiving expectations.
A limited planning approach might be suitable when anticipated supplemental funds are modest and can be managed through informal supports or minimal documentation without jeopardizing benefit eligibility. In these circumstances, families may coordinate small direct gifts or arrange for occasional purchases that do not substantially increase countable resources. Even when taking a limited approach, it is valuable to document how funds are used and to plan for contingencies so that benefit eligibility remains intact and the beneficiary continues to receive necessary services without unintended interruptions.
If a beneficiary already maintains secure eligibility for public benefits and the family does not expect significant inheritances or settlement proceeds, a limited strategy with focused account management and clear spending rules may be adequate. This approach involves careful tracking of resources and occasional consultation to ensure that small changes do not inadvertently affect benefits. Families choosing a limited plan should still review options periodically to adapt to life changes such as changes in living arrangements, income, or the introduction of new benefits or resources.
When families expect significant assets, inheritances, personal injury settlements, or other funds that could affect benefit eligibility, a comprehensive special needs trust plan helps ensure resources are preserved for the beneficiary’s long-term well-being. A formal trust allows for structured distributions that improve quality of life without being treated as available income or resources. Comprehensive planning also addresses successor trustee selection, coordination with wills and retirement accounts, and strategies to protect assets from potential creditor or recovery claims, providing clarity and continuity in caregiving.
For beneficiaries with evolving or complex care needs, a detailed trust-based plan ensures that financial resources remain available for changing services, therapies, technology, and housing arrangements. A comprehensive plan integrates medical directives, powers of attorney, and provisions for trustee decision-making that reflect the beneficiary’s needs and family preferences. This level of planning reduces the risk of service interruptions, clarifies responsibilities for caregivers, and sets out contingency measures to address future changes in health, living situations, or benefit eligibility.
A comprehensive special needs trust plan offers multiple benefits, including continuity of care, protection of public benefits, and a structured way to manage resources for long-term needs. It reduces family stress by naming trusted individuals to make financial decisions and provides clear guidelines for how funds should be used. Comprehensive planning also anticipates life transitions such as guardianship changes, housing moves, or shifts in service delivery, and includes provisions that help maintain stability in the beneficiary’s care and daily life.
Another advantage of a comprehensive approach is the ability to coordinate trust provisions with other estate planning documents like wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives. This coordination ensures that assets flow correctly into the trust and that the beneficiary’s needs remain a priority across all legal documents. Families gain peace of mind knowing there are clear administrative procedures and successor plans, which helps trustees act confidently and in accordance with the beneficiary’s best interests and family intentions.
A key benefit of a comprehensive special needs trust is its ability to protect eligibility for essential public programs while providing funds for supplementary goods and services. Trust distributions can be tailored to cover transportation, therapies, home modifications, education, social activities, and other needs that enrich the beneficiary’s life. By clearly separating trust assets from the beneficiary’s countable resources, families maintain access to vital benefits while also supplying additional supports that foster independence and well-being.
Comprehensive planning reduces family stress by establishing a clear administrative framework for trustees and caregivers, including distribution standards, reporting requirements, and trustee succession. This organization avoids disputes and confusion during difficult times and ensures that someone is already prepared to manage finances if family caregivers are unavailable. Families benefit from documented instructions that align spending with the beneficiary’s needs and preferences, consolidating decision-making and preserving the family’s intent across changing circumstances.
Begin planning as soon as possible to allow time for informed decisions about trust structure and funding. Document family intentions, preferred living arrangements, and priorities for supplemental spending so those preferences can be reflected in the trust. Early planning reduces stress if circumstances change unexpectedly and makes transitioning assets into the trust smoother. Discussing potential future inheritances and how they should be routed into the trust helps avoid unintended consequences for public benefits and eases administration for trustees down the road.
Ensure that wills, powers of attorney, health care directives, and beneficiary designations work together with the special needs trust. Coordinate how assets will flow into the trust at the appropriate time and avoid direct bequests that might disqualify benefits. Make sure retirement accounts and life insurance arrangements are aligned with the trust plan. Regularly review all documents to reflect life changes and legal developments, keeping the trust effective and relevant to the beneficiary’s needs over time.
Families should consider a special needs trust when they want to protect a loved one’s eligibility for important public benefits while also providing resources for needs that those programs do not cover. Trusts offer a way to handle inheritances, settlements, or family gifts without placing the beneficiary at risk of losing Medi-Cal or Supplemental Security Income. They also provide oversight, continuity in financial management, and clarity about how funds should be used, which can relieve day-to-day caregiving stress and support long-term planning goals.
A trust is also valuable when families seek to plan for contingencies including the loss of a caregiver, changes in living arrangements, or potential increases in medical or support needs. The trust can designate who will make financial decisions and provide instructions about housing, educational supports, and other services. It can also address state recovery claims where required so families can make informed choices about funding and asset transfers in a way that balances current needs with future protections.
Typical circumstances that prompt families to consider a special needs trust include receiving an inheritance, settling a personal injury claim, acquiring assets that may make the beneficiary ineligible for benefits, or wanting to formalize a plan for long-term care and support. Other triggers include parental aging, concerns about future housing, or the arrival of funds intended to support but not replace public benefits. Identifying these events early helps families implement the appropriate trust structure and funding mechanism to maintain stability and support.
When a beneficiary receives or anticipates an inheritance or sizeable gift, placing those funds in a properly drafted trust can prevent loss of benefits and ensure funds are used for supplemental needs. A trust provides a structure for distributing money for housing, therapy, or personal items without being treated as available income. This management approach allows families to accept contributions meant to enhance quality of life while preserving eligibility for essential programs, and it sets rules to guide trustees on spending and documentation.
A personal injury settlement often results in a large lump sum that could disqualify a beneficiary from means-tested benefits if not handled correctly. Placing settlement proceeds into an appropriate trust tailored to the beneficiary’s situation can preserve eligibility while providing long-term resources for care, therapies, and living expenses. The trust documentation must address state reimbursement rules where applicable and be drafted to meet statutory requirements for self-settled funds, preventing unintended harm to the beneficiary’s access to benefits.
If a primary caregiver ages, relocates, or becomes unable to continue day-to-day care, a trust helps ensure a smooth transition by naming successor trustees and specifying how funds should be used to maintain continuity of services and living arrangements. The trust can fund support for new caregivers, cover moving expenses, or pay for housing modifications. Planning ahead reduces disruption and provides the legal and financial tools needed to manage changes with minimal impact on the beneficiary’s benefits and care.
We serve Glendora and surrounding communities with individualized special needs trust planning that considers local resources, housing options, and county benefit processes. Our services include drafting revocable and irrevocable trust documents, coordinating pour-over wills, preparing powers of attorney, and assisting with guardianship nominations when needed. We provide clear instructions for trustees to follow and collaborate with financial professionals and care providers to align planning with everyday needs. Families receive guidance on funding the trust and preparing for long-term administration.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman focus on practical estate planning solutions tailored to California law and the needs of families in Los Angeles County. We prioritize clarity in document language and effective coordination with public benefit rules to avoid unintended disruptions to assistance programs. Our work emphasizes thorough documentation and trustee guidance so that funds are available for meaningful supports while benefits remain intact. Clients receive attention to detail in drafting, funding strategies, and administration guidance that reflect family priorities.
We assist with a wide range of documents commonly used alongside special needs trusts, including revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, financial powers of attorney, advance health care directives, HIPAA authorizations, and certification of trust documents. Coordination of these documents ensures that assets move to the correct place at the proper time and that health and financial decision-making align with the beneficiary’s best interests. Our approach includes preparing trustees to manage distributions and maintain records consistent with benefit program expectations.
In addition to drafting trust documents, we offer practical support for trustees and families on administrative matters such as record-keeping, reimbursement obligations to state programs, and periodic review of planning documents. We help clients consider successor trustee arrangements, Heggstad petitions, trust modifications, and other procedural steps that may arise. Our goal is to create a durable plan that protects benefits, improves the beneficiary’s quality of life, and provides clarity and stability for family caregivers and trustees.
Our legal process begins with a focused consultation to understand the beneficiary’s current benefits, family resources, care needs, and long-term goals. We assess which trust structure is appropriate, review existing estate documents, and map how assets should be routed to avoid jeopardizing benefits. Drafting follows with detailed trustee instructions and administration guidelines. After execution, we assist with funding the trust and provide ongoing support or annual reviews to ensure the plan remains aligned with changing circumstances and legal developments.
The initial meeting gathers information about the beneficiary’s benefits, current assets, anticipated inheritances or settlements, and the family’s caregiving goals. We review public benefit rules that apply and identify potential risks to eligibility. This assessment helps determine whether a self-settled trust, third-party trust, or another vehicle is most appropriate. The discussion also covers trustee selection, funding sources, and immediate steps to protect benefits while planning proceeds, ensuring that families have a clear roadmap from day one.
We request documentation such as benefit award letters, bank statements, insurance policies, existing wills or trusts, and records of any settlements or pending inheritances. Reviewing these documents allows us to determine which resources are countable for means-tested programs and identify possible pathways for routing funds to the trust. Accurate information at this stage prevents future complications and supports a plan that both preserves benefits and meets family objectives for care and quality of life.
An early funding strategy outlines how current and future assets will be placed into the trust to maintain benefit eligibility. This may involve changing beneficiary designations, coordinating with insurance proceeds, or arranging for pour-over mechanisms in a will. The plan balances immediate needs with long-term protections, and considers state reimbursement rules where applicable. Clear direction about funding helps families avoid mistakes that can jeopardize benefits and sets the stage for reliable administration by trustees.
During drafting, we create the trust instrument tailored to the beneficiary’s circumstances, plus related estate planning documents such as wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives. Drafting addresses permissible distributions, trustee powers and duties, successor provisions, and coordination with public benefit rules. We prepare clear administrative instructions and certification of trust documents to simplify interactions with financial institutions and service providers. Our goal is to produce enforceable documents that reflect family objectives and provide practical guidance for trustees.
We draft trust language that defines the trustee’s discretionary authority, lists acceptable uses of trust funds, and establishes reporting and record-keeping obligations. Administrative guidelines include examples of permissible purchases, vendor payment methods, and documentation standards. Attention to these details reduces the risk of adverse benefit determinations and supports consistent trustee decision-making. Clear guidance also helps trustees justify distributions to benefit agencies if questions arise and fosters transparent administration.
Coordination includes preparing a pour-over will, beneficiary designations, financial powers of attorney, and advanced health care directives that reference the trust plan as appropriate. This ensures assets transfer to the trust upon incapacity or death and that the beneficiary’s health and financial decisions are aligned with the trust’s protections. Consistent documents reduce the chance of unintended disqualifying transfers and make it simpler for trustees and family members to follow a unified plan for the beneficiary’s welfare.
After documents are signed, we help clients fund the trust by retitling assets, changing beneficiary designations, or directing settlement proceeds appropriately. We provide trustees with administrative checklists and record-keeping templates and offer follow-up meetings to answer questions about distributions or compliance. Ongoing review is recommended to account for changes in law, benefits, or the beneficiary’s needs. Periodic updates help maintain the trust’s effectiveness and ensure that the plan continues to meet family objectives over time.
Funding involves transferring accounts, redirecting asset payouts, and documenting gifts or settlements so trust assets are distinguished from the beneficiary’s personal resources. We assist with successor trustee explanations and transitional steps to make administration smoother, including joint meetings with financial institutions or caseworkers when appropriate. Adequate transitional support ensures that trustees understand their duties and the types of expenditures that preserve public benefits while improving the beneficiary’s standard of living.
Trusts should be reviewed on a periodic basis to reflect changes in family circumstances, legal developments, or benefit program rules. Reviews may lead to amendments or trust modifications to improve administration or to accommodate changes in funding sources. Regular check-ins allow trustees to stay current with reporting practices and to adjust distribution practices when the beneficiary’s needs evolve. Ongoing attention helps ensure the trust remains a reliable tool for supporting long-term care and stability.
A special needs trust is a legal arrangement designed to hold assets for the benefit of a person with disabilities while preserving eligibility for means-tested public programs. The trust is drafted with language that distinguishes trust funds from the beneficiary’s personal resources, and distributions are limited to supplemental goods and services that do not count as income or resources for programs such as Medi-Cal and Supplemental Security Income. Proper administration and documentation are essential to demonstrate to benefit agencies that trust funds were used to supplement rather than replace program benefits. Establishing a trust involves selecting a trustee, determining permissible uses for funds, and setting up reporting and record-keeping practices. Trustees must manage distributions carefully and keep receipts to show that expenditures were for permitted supplemental needs. Consulting on drafting and administration reduces the risk of unintended benefit loss and provides clarity for families and caregivers about how trust funds should be used to enhance the beneficiary’s quality of life.
California recognizes several types of special needs trusts, including third-party trusts funded by family members and self-settled trusts that hold assets belonging to the beneficiary, such as settlement proceeds. Third-party trusts are funded with property owned by someone other than the beneficiary, often parents or other family, and typically avoid state reimbursement claims. Self-settled trusts must meet statutory requirements to preserve benefit eligibility and may face reimbursement obligations to Medi-Cal under certain circumstances. Choosing the right type depends on asset ownership, the beneficiary’s current benefits, and the source of funds. Families planning for inheritances or settlements often prefer third-party trusts when possible, but when assets belong to the beneficiary, a carefully drafted self-settled trust can be appropriate. Each option has different administrative and post-death implications, so careful planning and review are advised.
Selecting a trustee is an important decision that affects trust administration and the beneficiary’s quality of life. A trustee should be someone who understands the beneficiary’s needs, can follow written distribution standards, and is willing to maintain records and work with service providers. Some families name a trusted relative, friend, or a professional fiduciary if consistent administration and longevity are priorities. The trustee must be prepared to make discretionary decisions about expenditures that remain within the trust’s goals for supplemental support. Clear written guidance and administrative checklists help trustees perform their duties effectively. It is useful to name successor trustees and provide orientation materials so transitions are smooth. When appointing a trustee, consider availability, financial literacy, temperament for decision-making, and willingness to collaborate with caregivers and caseworkers to protect benefits and support the beneficiary’s needs.
Yes, a properly drafted special needs trust can receive inheritances or settlement proceeds without disqualifying the beneficiary from means-tested benefits, provided the trust type and funding method are appropriate. Third-party trusts funded by others typically shield the beneficiary from countable resources, while self-settled or payback trusts for beneficiary-owned funds must meet specific statutory requirements. Arranging for assets to be routed into a trust via beneficiary designations, a pour-over will, or trust funding instructions is a common part of planning to protect benefits. It is essential to plan how incoming funds will be handled in advance. If a settlement or inheritance is expected, steps should be taken to direct proceeds into the trust at the time of payment so that funds do not become countable resources in the beneficiary’s personal accounts. Coordination with financial institutions and claim handlers helps ensure proper routing and documentation.
State reimbursement, often called estate recovery, can apply differently depending on the type of trust and the source of funds. For self-settled trusts that hold the beneficiary’s own assets, Medi-Cal may have a reimbursement claim against remaining trust assets after the beneficiary’s death if the trust was used to pay for services during life. Third-party trusts funded by others typically do not trigger state reimbursement for Medi-Cal, though specific circumstances can vary. Understanding these differences helps families plan whether to use third-party or self-settled vehicles. It is important to consider estate recovery implications early when selecting the trust structure. Planning strategies can minimize potential recovery exposures and help families decide how to allocate resources among different planning vehicles. Full disclosure to advisors and careful drafting reduces surprises and ensures the trust aligns with the family’s intentions for post-death dispositions.
Special needs trusts interact with Medi-Cal and Supplemental Security Income by keeping trust assets from being counted as the beneficiary’s available resources when properly structured and administered. Medi-Cal and SSI have specific rules about what constitutes available resources and income, and trusts must be drafted to comply with those rules. Trustee discretion and the purpose of distributions matter; payments that substitute for benefits may raise concerns, while payments for supplemental needs are generally acceptable if documented correctly. Administration must include record-keeping and communication when required by benefit agencies to show that distributions are for permissible supplemental purposes. Trustees should avoid making distributions that are likely to be considered income or resources by benefit programs. Regular review of distributions and coordination with benefit caseworkers helps maintain eligibility and reduce the risk of inadvertent disqualification.
Along with a special needs trust, families should have a coordinated set of estate planning documents, including a pour-over will, financial power of attorney, advance health care directive, HIPAA authorization, and certification of trust. These documents work together to ensure that assets move to the trust when appropriate and that health and financial decisions are made in ways that support the beneficiary’s long-term needs. Consistent beneficiary designations on retirement accounts and life insurance are also important to prevent unintended resources from passing directly to the beneficiary. Guardianship nominations and clear instructions for trustees and caregivers are also helpful, especially when parents age or become unable to provide day-to-day care. Provided documents should be reviewed periodically and updated to reflect changes in family circumstances, law, or benefit programs. A coordinated file of documents simplifies administration and helps ensure that everyone involved understands the planning approach.
Special needs trusts and related estate planning documents should be reviewed at least every few years and whenever significant life events occur, such as changes in benefits, the arrival of an inheritance, a new settlement, changes in living arrangements, or the death or incapacity of a caregiver. Regular reviews ensure that trust language and administrative practices remain effective in light of current law and the beneficiary’s needs. Reviews also provide an opportunity to update trustee instructions, successor designations, and funding plans to reflect new circumstances. A proactive review schedule helps families detect issues early, adjust funding or distribution practices, and respond to shifts in benefit rules. Even if no immediate changes are necessary, maintaining contact with counsel for periodic check-ins reduces the risk of overlooked problems and ensures continuity in care and financial support over the long term.
What happens to remaining trust assets after the beneficiary dies depends on the trust’s terms and the trust type. For third-party trusts, the grantor typically specifies residual beneficiaries who will receive any remaining funds. For self-settled trusts that are subject to Medi-Cal reimbursement, a portion of remaining assets may be used to satisfy state recovery obligations before other distributions occur. Clear terms in the trust instrument direct how residual assets should be distributed and whether any remainder is reserved for family members or charities. It is important to draft remainder provisions intentionally so that the trustee knows how to proceed at the beneficiary’s death. Families can designate successors, provide instructions for post-death accounting, and coordinate with probate or estate settlement processes. Proper planning minimizes conflict among potential heirs and ensures that remaining assets are handled according to the trustmaker’s wishes while complying with state recovery rules when applicable.
To begin special needs trust planning with our firm, call the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman at 408-528-2827 or use our contact form to schedule a consultation. We will gather preliminary information about the beneficiary’s benefits, current assets, and family goals, and outline a practical planning path tailored to your situation. First meetings focus on identifying risks to benefit eligibility and potential funding sources so that appropriate trust options can be selected and drafted with your family’s priorities in mind. During follow-up meetings we prepare the required documents, coordinate funding strategies, and provide trustee orientation materials to support smooth administration. We also assist with related filings or court petitions if guardianship or other procedural steps are necessary. Our objective is to provide clear, actionable planning that protects benefits, supports the beneficiary’s quality of life, and gives families the confidence to move forward.
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