At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help Northridge residents include a clear, enforceable HIPAA authorization as part of a complete estate plan. A properly drafted authorization lets chosen individuals obtain medical information from providers so that the advance health care directive, powers of attorney, and trust provisions can be carried out without unnecessary delay. Our approach addresses HIPAA authorization language alongside related documents such as a revocable living trust, pour-over will, financial power of attorney, and advance health care directive to ensure consistency. We work with clients to name appropriate recipients and set sensible duration and scope that match each person’s wishes.
A HIPAA authorization plays a practical role in protecting your privacy while enabling trusted people to access the medical details they need to make informed decisions on your behalf. This authorization works together with guardianship nominations, HIPAA authorization, and other estate planning instruments to avoid gaps when health events occur. For families in Northridge, preparing this document in advance reduces confusion during stressful medical situations by clarifying who may speak with healthcare providers. The authorization can be tailored to permit release of general records, limited reports, or specific information for a particular episode of care, depending on your preference.
Including a HIPAA authorization in an estate plan ensures that trusted people can obtain medical information quickly, which supports timely decision making and smooth coordination with other planning documents. Without a clear authorization, physicians and hospitals may decline to release records to family members or agents, delaying care and complicating the implementation of your wishes. A tailored authorization can reduce administrative barriers, protect confidentiality by defining precise limits, and align with advance directives and powers of attorney so that health decisions are informed. Thoughtful drafting anticipates family dynamics, provider requirements, and California privacy rules to avoid disputes or unnecessary interventions.
Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman assists clients throughout Los Angeles County, including Northridge, with practical estate planning solutions that integrate HIPAA authorizations into a complete package. The firm focuses on clear drafting, one-on-one client meetings, and a steady process that honors individual preferences and family circumstances. We prepare documents such as revocable living trusts, certification of trust, pour-over wills, financial powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and HIPAA authorizations so that each piece fits together. Clients reach us at 408-528-2827 to discuss their situation, and we tailor documents for local provider practices and California law.
A HIPAA authorization is a written direction that permits medical providers to disclose protected health information to named people or entities. It is separate from an advance health care directive, which appoints an agent to make medical decisions, but the two work together: the authorization allows the agent or family member to obtain the records needed to implement instructions. Effective authorizations identify who may receive records, the scope of information, the time period covered, and any limits on disclosure. Careful planning makes sure the document meets provider requirements and complies with federal privacy provisions while reflecting your personal priorities.
Timing and clarity matter when creating a HIPAA authorization. Many people sign this form when assembling an estate plan, but it can be added at any time. The document should specify durations or conditions for termination, and it should be consistent with any power of attorney or health care directive language. Clients should consider whether to permit ongoing access or limit release to a single episode of care. When changes occur in family structure or health circumstances, the authorization should be reviewed and updated to reflect new priorities and to ensure that the individuals named remain appropriate recipients.
A HIPAA authorization is a legal form that authorizes health care providers and insurers to share protected health information with specified people or organizations. It must identify the patient, the recipient of the information, the purpose of disclosure, the types of information to be released, and an expiration date or event. The form also needs the patient’s signature and date. Unlike some other estate documents, a HIPAA authorization is governed by federal privacy rules and state laws that affect how institutions respond to requests, so precise language and clear identification of recipients reduce the risk of unnecessary denials or delays.
Essential elements of a HIPAA authorization include the full name of the person giving authorization, a clear statement of who may receive the information, the specific information or categories of information being released, the reason for disclosure, and how long the authorization remains effective. The process typically begins with a client interview to determine needs, followed by drafting language that aligns with hospital and insurer requirements. The client signs the form, and the firm retains copies and recommends distribution to named recipients and to primary care providers. Regular review ensures the document remains aligned with current wishes and provider expectations.
This glossary clarifies terms you will encounter when preparing a HIPAA authorization and related estate documents. Understanding definitions helps you make informed choices about who to name, what records to release, and how long access should last. The glossary covers items such as advance health care directive, financial power of attorney, revocable living trust, and certification of trust, as well as provider obligations under privacy rules. Reviewing these terms side by side with your estate planning preferences ensures consistency and reduces the chance of conflicts between documents during important health or financial events.
A HIPAA authorization is a document allowing medical professionals to disclose protected health information to named persons or entities. It goes beyond a general permission by specifying the patient, the recipients, the type of information, the reason for disclosure, and the period for which the authorization remains valid. The form must be signed and dated by the patient or legal representative. Properly drafted authorizations identify limitations and may include special instructions about sensitive records, ensuring that disclosure occurs only to the extent the patient intends while enabling communication needed for care decisions and estate administration.
An advance health care directive is a document that records your health care preferences and appoints an agent to make medical decisions if you cannot. It works in tandem with a HIPAA authorization because the appointed agent often needs access to medical records to make decisions consistent with your wishes. The directive may include treatment preferences, end-of-life care decisions, and comfort care instructions. Ensuring that the HIPAA authorization names the same agent or trusted contacts reduces friction and allows providers to share the information necessary for your agent to act on your directions when the time comes.
A financial power of attorney grants authority to a designated person to manage financial affairs, such as paying bills, managing accounts, or handling real estate transactions. While it does not by itself permit access to medical records, coordination with a HIPAA authorization can be important when financial decisions depend on current health information. For example, determining eligibility for certain benefits or making arrangements for long-term care often requires up-to-date medical details. Drafting consistent documents reduces confusion and ensures that the appointed financial agent has the documentation needed to act efficiently when health and finances intersect.
A revocable living trust is a legal arrangement that holds assets for your benefit during your lifetime and provides for orderly management and distribution after death. The trust itself does not authorize release of medical records, so a HIPAA authorization remains important where health information is needed to implement trust-related decisions such as guardianship or continuing care provisions. Trusts often work with a pour-over will, certification of trust, and other documents like irrevocable life insurance trusts or special needs trusts to provide comprehensive protection and continuity for family members and beneficiaries.
A HIPAA authorization, advance health care directive, power of attorney, and trust each have distinct roles. The authorization allows access to medical records, the directive expresses health care preferences and appoints an agent, the power of attorney handles financial matters, and a trust manages assets. Choosing which documents to use depends on your circumstances and goals. Combining a HIPAA authorization with an advance directive and power of attorney often provides the clarity that medical providers and institutions require. Discussing options early helps you choose a set of documents that work together smoothly rather than in conflict.
A limited or time-bound HIPAA authorization is useful when you need someone to access records for a specific episode of care, such as a single hospitalization, specialist visit, or insurance claim. This approach restricts disclosure to a defined timeframe and to particular types of records, protecting privacy while enabling necessary coordination. Limited authorizations are often simpler and less invasive for routine needs, but they should be carefully drafted to ensure providers accept them. When the purpose is narrow and the duration short, a limited authorization can provide the right balance between access and confidentiality.
Sometimes only a subset of medical information is relevant, such as diagnostic imaging for a legal matter or lab results for an insurance review. In those cases, a targeted HIPAA authorization that names specific categories of records or specific providers can prevent unnecessary disclosure of unrelated information. By identifying the exact records and the limited recipients who may receive them, the authorization provides focused access while preserving broader privacy. Clear drafting reduces provider reluctance and speeds processing because institutions can see exactly what is being requested and why.
A comprehensive authorization may be preferable when a durable agent or family caregiver needs ongoing access to medical information to manage chronic conditions, arrange long-term care, or coordinate complex medical treatments. Granting broader access avoids repeated, time-consuming requests for records and reduces interruptions in continuity of care. When combined with a durable power of attorney and advance health care directive, a broad HIPAA authorization equips designated agents with the information necessary to carry out responsibilities swiftly and consistently as situations evolve over time.
When estate plans include trusts, retirement plan trusts, or special needs trusts, medical records can be important for triggering benefits, evaluating needs, or implementing distributions for care. A comprehensive HIPAA authorization makes it easier for trustees and agents to obtain the documentation needed to act in accordance with trust provisions. This coordinated approach prevents gaps between medical realities and trust administration, helping trustees make informed decisions about distributions for care, therapies, or specialized support without needless delays or uncertainty.
A comprehensive approach minimizes confusion by aligning the HIPAA authorization with advance directives, powers of attorney, and trust documents, so that named agents and trustees can access the information needed to act. This alignment reduces the chance of contradictory instructions and helps medical providers quickly identify authorized persons. The unified plan supports smoother transitions in care, faster claims handling, and fewer administrative obstacles, making it simpler for families to manage difficult situations and to have confidence that decisions will reflect the principal’s intentions.
Comprehensive planning also allows for tailored limits and safeguards, such as specifying which kinds of records may be disclosed and adding expiration conditions. This flexibility protects privacy while ensuring necessary access for appropriate parties. By reviewing all estate planning documents together, clients can avoid gaps that could hamper decision making or trust administration. Regular reviews and updates keep the entire suite of documents current with changes in health, family structure, or provider practices, preserving the plan’s functionality over time and reducing stress for loved ones.
When a HIPAA authorization is integrated with financial powers of attorney and trusts, agents can coordinate medical needs and financial resources without unnecessary delay. Access to medical information can inform timely withdrawals for care, eligibility assessments for benefits, and implementation of directives within a trust. This coordination helps avoid gaps in funding for care and ensures that financial steps taken on behalf of an incapacitated person reflect current medical realities. Clear documents reduce friction between providers and fiduciaries, which benefits both the individual and their family.
A well-drafted HIPAA authorization reduces administrative delays by providing providers with the information they need to release records to authorized individuals. When institutions receive a clear, properly executed authorization, it speeds the flow of information that supports medical decisions and benefits processing. Better communication enables agents to speak confidently with care teams, reduces repetitive paperwork, and minimizes the likelihood of disputes over access. The net effect is more efficient coordination of care and reduced stress for families during medical events.
Selecting the right recipients for a HIPAA authorization requires thoughtfulness about trustworthiness, availability, and comfort handling sensitive medical information. Choose people who understand your wishes and can communicate effectively with health care providers. Consider naming alternates in case a primary designee is unavailable. Also consider whether to include an institution such as a care manager. Discuss your choice with those named so they understand expectations and can act when needed. Regular review ensures chosen individuals remain appropriate as circumstances change.
Store signed HIPAA authorizations where authorized people and primary providers can access them quickly, such as with your advance health care directive, in a secure digital copy, or with a trusted attorney. Inform named recipients and the primary physician that the authorization exists and how to obtain it. Review and update the authorization after major life events like marriage, divorce, or changes in health or residence. Up-to-date documents reduce delays and ensure that the people who need access can obtain it when situations arise.
Adding a HIPAA authorization protects your privacy while enabling trusted individuals to obtain medical information that is often necessary to make informed decisions. It prevents delays when hospitals or insurers require a formal release before sharing records, and it helps ensure that advance directives and powers of attorney can be implemented effectively. For families managing complicated care needs or preparing for potential incapacity, a clear authorization reduces friction and clarifies who can speak with doctors, request records, or coordinate care on your behalf.
HIPAA authorizations also support estate administration where medical records are relevant to benefit determinations, trust distributions, or guardianship considerations. Including this document as part of a cohesive estate plan means trustees and agents can access the information needed to act without time-consuming legal hurdles. For caregivers and decision makers, having the authorization in place reduces stress during emergencies and provides reassurance that decisions will be informed by accurate, timely medical details, while retaining appropriate limits on disclosure.
Typical situations where a HIPAA authorization is useful include hospital admissions, chronic condition management, applications for benefits that require medical documentation, and transitions to long-term care facilities. It is also helpful when coordinating care among multiple providers, such as primary care physicians, specialists, and therapists. Families facing sudden illness or planned procedures benefit from having clear authorization on file so designated persons can obtain test results and treatment notes quickly. Proactive planning avoids delays and helps caregivers act with confidence when records are needed.
In hospital or emergency settings, providers may be reluctant to release health information without a signed authorization, delaying family communication and decision making. A ready HIPAA authorization lets designated individuals obtain critical hospital records, discharge summaries, and treatment plans to coordinate care and support decision makers. This becomes especially important when rapid decisions about surgery, transfers, or follow-up care are necessary. Having the document accessible and presented to the admitting facility reduces confusion and speeds collaboration between medical staff and family members.
When arranging long-term care or moving to assisted living, care coordinators and facility staff often need access to medical histories and medication information. A HIPAA authorization ensures designated family members or agents can obtain the records required for assessment, transfer planning, and ongoing care management. Clear access reduces delays in securing placements and allows new care teams to understand health needs quickly, preserving continuity of care and avoiding gaps in medication management or treatment plans that can occur during transitions.
For individuals with chronic or complex health conditions, regular communication between providers is essential, and caregivers often need documentation to manage treatment plans. A HIPAA authorization allows family members, care managers, or designated agents to request updates, gather specialist reports, and share information across different providers. This continuity supports consistent care, simplifies appointments, and enables informed decisions about therapies, equipment, or support services. Consistent access helps reduce errors and improves the quality of coordination among multiple care providers.
We provide local clients in Northridge with individualized assistance drafting HIPAA authorizations and integrating them into broader estate plans. Our services include reviewing existing documents, preparing new authorizations with precise scope and duration, and advising on coordination with trusts, powers of attorney, and advance directives. We also prepare related instruments such as pour-over wills, certification of trust, irrevocable life insurance trusts, and pet trusts to create a comprehensive plan. By combining practical drafting with responsive client communication, we help families prepare for health events with confidence and clarity.
Clients choose our firm because we emphasize clear communication and practical solutions tailored to individual circumstances. We listen carefully to your goals for privacy, care coordination, and legacy planning, then draft HIPAA authorizations that work alongside your advance health care directive, powers of attorney, and trust documents. Our process focuses on clarity and acceptance by providers and institutions, reducing the administrative hurdles families often face when medical events occur. We also provide guidance on where to store documents and how to keep named recipients informed.
Our approach includes reviewing provider requirements and suggesting language that aligns with typical hospital and insurer procedures while protecting your privacy preferences. We discuss whether a limited or broader authorization best suits your needs, name alternates, and recommend expiration terms or triggering events where appropriate. By coordinating the HIPAA authorization with remaining estate documents such as revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, and financial powers of attorney, we create a cohesive plan that reduces the likelihood of conflicts and supports efficient administration when records are needed.
Finally, we support ongoing maintenance of your plan by advising on updates after major life changes and by providing copies for named recipients and primary providers. Our goal is to make sure your medical information can be accessed by the right people under the right circumstances while limiting unnecessary exposure. We can help you implement simple storage and distribution plans so that authorized persons and institutions know where to find the signed authorization when it is needed most.
Our process begins with a conversation to understand your medical and family situation, followed by a document review to identify any conflicts with existing estate planning instruments. We then draft a HIPAA authorization tailored to your objectives, specifying recipients, scope, and duration. After you review and sign the document, we provide guidance on distribution to providers and named recipients and recommend retaining updated copies with your estate plan records. We also schedule periodic reviews to update authorizations after major life events or changes in health care preferences.
The first step is a detailed consultation to gather information about your health care wishes, family dynamics, and current legal documents. We review any existing advance directives, powers of attorney, trusts, and prior authorizations to identify gaps or inconsistencies. Understanding your goals helps us recommend whether a limited or broad authorization is appropriate, who should be named, and how the form should coordinate with other instruments. This review ensures the HIPAA authorization fits seamlessly into your overall estate plan and reduces the risk of future disputes.
During the intake process we collect relevant medical provider names, contact information, and any specific record categories you anticipate needing. We also discuss who in your circle is best suited to act as an authorized recipient and whether alternates are desired. Gathering these details upfront allows us to draft precise document language that providers will accept, and it helps clarify the intention behind any limitations or duration choices. Clear identification of providers and record types speeds later requests for records when care events occur.
Selecting the right authorized recipients is a planning decision we treat carefully, balancing trust, availability, and communication skills. We help clients identify primary recipients and alternates, define whether institutions such as care managers should be included, and consider whether to name agents in a power of attorney or other trusted family members. We discuss implications of each choice and document the rationale so that the authorization aligns with other estate documents, reducing the potential for confusion among providers and family members when records are requested.
In drafting, we prepare clear language that identifies the patient, recipients, types of information permitted for release, and the purpose for disclosure. We recommend including specific expiration terms or triggering events, and we address any special categories of records that may require distinct handling. Our drafts are designed to meet typical hospital and insurer standards while honoring your privacy preferences. After drafting, we review the document with you, adjust language as needed, and prepare final copies for signature and distribution to named parties and providers.
Choosing the appropriate scope involves deciding whether the authorization should permit release of all medical information or only specific categories, such as treatment records, lab results, or mental health reports. We also address the stated purpose—whether ongoing care coordination, benefits processing, or a specific legal or insurance matter—and whether the authorization should expire after a set date or upon an event like discharge. Clear choices here prevent misunderstandings and make it more likely that providers will accept and enact the authorization promptly.
We ensure the HIPAA authorization complements your revocable living trust, pour-over will, power of attorney, and advance health care directive so that agents and trustees can access the information needed to act in accordance with your plan. That coordination helps prevent conflicts where different documents name different people or set inconsistent limits. By aligning language and naming conventions, the entire estate plan functions more smoothly, enabling timely decisions and consistent implementation when medical or financial events require action.
After finalizing the authorization, we guide clients through signing and notarization options if preferred, provide copies for primary care physicians and hospital records departments, and advise clients on how to share the authorization with named recipients. We recommend storing signed copies with estate planning records and maintaining secure digital backups. Periodic reviews ensure the authorization remains current after life events like moves, new providers, or changes in family composition. We offer follow-up consultations to update or revoke authorizations as needed.
Most HIPAA authorizations only require the patient’s signature and date, but some institutions prefer witnessing or notarization to validate authenticity. We discuss which providers are likely to request additional verification and recommend steps to minimize disputes at the point of request. Providing a notarized copy where appropriate can smooth interactions with reluctant custodians of records. We also explain how to structure revocation language so the patient or their representative can terminate the authorization cleanly when desired.
We advise on secure storage options and practical distribution practices, including providing copies to named recipients, primary physicians, and hospital records departments. Digital copies should be stored securely with clear instructions for how authorized individuals can present or transmit the authorization to providers. We also recommend including the authorization with a broader packet of estate planning documents so agents and trustees can access everything needed during a health event. Regularly updated distribution lists reduce delay when records are requested.
A HIPAA authorization is a written document that allows healthcare providers and plan administrators to disclose protected health information to persons or entities you designate. It specifies who may receive your records, the types of information covered, the purpose of the disclosure, and how long the authorization lasts. Including this document in an estate plan ensures that appointed agents or trusted family members can obtain the medical information necessary to implement advance directives, make care decisions, or support benefit claims without unnecessary delay or dispute. You might need a HIPAA authorization if you anticipate that others will need access to your medical records to carry out your wishes, to coordinate care, or to manage administrative matters such as insurance claims or long-term care placement. The authorization complements other estate planning instruments by facilitating the flow of information that decision makers rely on. Preparing the form in advance reduces stress and confusion during health events and helps ensure that your directives and financial arrangements are supported by accurate medical documentation.
You can name any individual or organization to receive your medical information, such as family members, friends, care managers, or an institution. When selecting recipients, consider trustworthiness, communication ability, and availability in an emergency. It is also wise to name alternates in case the primary designee is unavailable or unable to act when needed. Identifying recipients clearly, with full names and contact details where possible, reduces confusion and helps institutions process records requests efficiently. Some clients opt to include medical providers or advocacy organizations as recipients when coordinated care or professional assistance is expected. Including both a named agent from an advance directive and additional family members as recipients can provide flexibility while ensuring key decision makers have access. Discussing choices with counsel helps ensure that the authorization aligns with other estate documents and the overall plan for health and financial decision making.
A HIPAA authorization lasts for the duration you specify in the document, which can be a fixed date, an event (such as discharge from a hospital), or an indefinite period until revoked. Some people choose short, purpose-specific authorizations for discrete matters like a single hospitalization, while others prefer broader, ongoing authorizations to support long-term care coordination. Specifying expiration terms clearly helps avoid misunderstandings and ensures providers understand the intended timeframe for releasing information. When deciding on an expiration approach, consider the likely need for ongoing record access by agents, trustees, or caregivers. If ongoing access is expected, permitting a longer term or an open-ended authorization with periodic review may be appropriate. Conversely, narrow authorizations help protect privacy when access is needed only briefly. Regular review and updates after major life changes keep the authorization current and reflective of your wishes.
Yes, you can revoke a HIPAA authorization at any time as long as you are competent to make that decision. Revocation typically requires notifying the provider or institution in writing, and it should reference the original authorization so the provider can identify the document to be revoked. Keep in mind that revocation does not affect disclosures already made based on the prior authorization, but it prevents future releases after the provider receives the revocation. To ensure revocation is effective, deliver the written notice to the record custodians and to any named recipients you want to remove. It is also wise to update any estate planning documents that referred to the prior authorization. If you expect to change your designated recipients rather than fully revoke access, creating a new authorization and distributing it widely while notifying providers of the change provides a smooth transition.
A HIPAA authorization is not the same as an advance health care directive or a financial power of attorney, though they are complementary. An advance health care directive records your treatment preferences and appoints an agent to make decisions, while a power of attorney handles financial matters. The authorization specifically permits release of protected health information to named persons or entities so that those agents can obtain records needed to carry out directives or manage benefits. Each document serves a distinct legal purpose but should be drafted to work together. Coordinating the names and roles across these documents reduces the risk of conflict and ensures that the people you intend to act on your behalf have access to the information they need. It is common practice to have the same agent named in both the advance directive and the HIPAA authorization so that the agent can obtain records without additional hurdles, thereby enabling informed decision making at critical moments.
When a patient provides a valid HIPAA authorization, covered entities like hospitals and clinics generally must comply and release the specified information to the named recipients. However, institutions may have procedural requirements before releasing records, such as verifying the identity of the requester or requiring a signed form on file. Some categories of information, like psychotherapy notes or certain substance use treatment records, may have additional legal protections and require more specific language or separate authorizations. Providers may also follow internal policies about how they accept and process authorizations, which is why drafting an authorization that aligns with typical institutional requirements helps avoid delays. If a provider refuses a valid authorization, named recipients can ask for clarification about the refusal and may seek assistance in resolving the issue. Counsel can help identify whether the refusal is justified under law or if additional steps are needed to secure the records.
A HIPAA authorization can cover a wide range of medical information, including treatment records, diagnostic tests, medication histories, hospitalization summaries, and consult notes. The authorization should clearly specify which categories of records are covered so that providers know what to release. If you need highly sensitive categories such as mental health therapy notes or records related to substance use treatment, the authorization should explicitly state those categories because some types of records have special protections and may need separate consent language. Clients often choose to tailor the authorization to balance access with privacy, limiting release to only what is necessary for decision making or benefits administration. Being specific reduces the chance of unintentional disclosures and helps institutions process requests more quickly. If broad access is desired, stating the categories plainly helps avoid back-and-forth requests for clarification from records custodians.
Most HIPAA authorizations require only the patient’s signature and date to be effective, but some hospitals or insurers may prefer or require witnessing or notarization to verify authenticity. Whether to notarize depends on the provider’s practices and the level of formality you want. Notarization can be particularly helpful when dealing with institutions that have strict identity verification protocols or when documents may be used in complex administrative matters. Our team can advise on whether notarization is advisable for your situation and coordinate the steps if needed. Even if notarization is not required, making sure the signed authorization is properly dated, contains clear recipient identification, and is distributed to primary providers increases the likelihood that institutions will accept it without additional verification. Maintaining copies with estate planning documents and informing named recipients and providers about the authorization in advance further smooths the process.
A HIPAA authorization supports trusts and pour-over wills by allowing trustees, agents, or designated family members to obtain medical records that may affect trust administration or distributions for health-related care. For example, trust provisions that provide funds for long-term care or special needs benefits often rely on current medical documentation to trigger or justify distributions. Providing trustees with access to necessary medical records helps them evaluate needs and act in conformity with trust terms without needless delay. When integrating a HIPAA authorization with trusts, it is helpful to align naming conventions so the same agents and trustees are recognized across documents. Including instructions in trust materials about where signed authorizations are kept and which individuals have access reduces friction. Coordinating these documents beforehand prevents conflicts during critical decision-making moments and supports efficient trust administration when medical circumstances change.
To update a HIPAA authorization, prepare a new signed document that reflects the desired changes in recipients, scope, or duration, and distribute it to providers and named recipients. It is helpful to inform custodians of records which version should be honored and, where appropriate, provide a written revocation of the old authorization that references the replaced document. Clear communication helps ensure providers stop relying on an outdated authorization and begin accepting the new one for future disclosures. When revoking an authorization, notify the records custodians and any named recipients in writing and keep copies of the revocation for your records. If you are replacing the authorization rather than fully revoking it, providing the new signed authorization concurrently with notice of replacement minimizes gaps in access. Regularly reviewing authorizations and related estate documents after major life events keeps everything current and functional when records are needed.
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