An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) can be a powerful component of a thoughtful estate plan for residents of Del Rey Oaks and Monterey County. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we help families understand how an ILIT functions, who typically serves as trustee and beneficiary, and how to fund a trust with a life insurance policy in order to protect proceeds from probate and manage liquidity at the time of a death. This page explains practical considerations including tax implications, funding mechanics, and coordination with other estate planning documents like pour-over wills and revocable living trusts.
Choosing whether an ILIT is the right vehicle for your circumstances requires careful review of family needs, policy ownership, and long-term goals. The firm commonly works with clients who hold existing life insurance or are planning new policies and want to shape how proceeds are handled after their death. We discuss trustee selection, gift tax considerations, and timing rules that can affect whether proceeds are included in an estate. Our approach emphasizes clarity about options, coordination with powers of attorney and health care directives, and drafting that reflects current California law and federal tax regulations.
An ILIT offers several potential benefits for individuals who wish to manage life insurance proceeds outside of the probate estate and provide liquidity to heirs. For many families, placing a policy in a properly drafted trust protects proceeds from probate delays, provides creditor protections in some circumstances, and creates flexibility for distributing funds to beneficiaries over time rather than in a lump sum. It also allows the grantor to define terms for distributions, to create plans for minor beneficiaries or those with special needs, and to coordinate with trusts such as a retirement plan trust or special needs trust so assets work together to meet long-term goals.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides estate planning services to individuals and families throughout Monterey County and the surrounding region, including Del Rey Oaks. Our practice focuses on creating durable, well-drafted documents such as revocable living trusts, irrevocable life insurance trusts, pour-over wills, and supporting instruments like financial powers of attorney and advance health care directives. We work with clients to assess goals, coordinate beneficiary designations, and craft funding plans that align with retirement accounts, property ownership, and insurance policies to reduce the likelihood of costly probate and to provide for orderly transfer of assets.
An ILIT is a trust designed specifically to own and administer life insurance policies for the benefit of named beneficiaries. When set up properly, the trust holds a life insurance policy or receives gifts to pay insurance premiums, removing the policy from the taxable estate and ensuring that proceeds are managed according to the grantor’s directions. Important practical considerations include the three-year rule for transfers, whether an existing policy can be transferred into the trust without negative tax consequences, and the choice of trustee who will manage premium payments and make distributions when proceeds are received.
Funding an ILIT requires careful planning so that premium payments are made in a way that preserves the intended estate and tax treatment. Sometimes a grantor will retitle an existing policy into the trust or have the trust purchase a new policy and make annual exclusion gifts to cover premiums. The trustee’s responsibilities include accepting gifts, paying premiums, and administering benefits according to trust terms. Coordination with other estate planning documents such as a general assignment of assets to trust and a certification of trust helps ensure the ILIT complements the overall plan.
An ILIT is an irrevocable trust whose primary asset is a life insurance policy or funds to purchase such a policy. Once created and funded, the trust becomes the owner and beneficiary of the policy so that death proceeds pass to the trust for administration under its terms. An ILIT can be drafted to provide cash for estate liquidity, to make specific distributions to beneficiaries, or to supplement other trusts such as a retirement plan trust or special needs trust. Because it is irrevocable, changes after funding are limited, which is why careful planning and clear drafting are important up front.
Creating an ILIT involves drafting trust provisions that address trustee powers, beneficiary designations, distribution standards, and instructions for receiving insurance proceeds. Typical processes include selecting a trustee, funding the trust either with an existing policy or with gifts to pay premiums, and preparing supporting documents such as a certification of trust for financial institutions. The trustee must also follow record-keeping procedures and may handle tax filings or communications with beneficiaries. A well-structured ILIT will clarify how proceeds are used for debts, taxes, or ongoing support of beneficiaries.
Understanding the vocabulary around life insurance trusts helps clients make informed choices. Important terms include grantor, trustee, beneficiary, funding, gift tax exclusion, and the three-year rule that can cause transferred policies to be included in a grantor’s estate if the grantor dies within three years of the transfer. Other terms such as pour-over will, certification of trust, and general assignment of assets to trust relate to how the ILIT fits into a broader estate plan. Clear definitions reduce surprises and guide effective coordination between the ILIT and other estate planning tools.
The grantor is the person who creates and funds the trust and typically transfers ownership of a life insurance policy or makes gifts to the trust to pay premiums. When the trust owns the policy, the grantor does not keep rights to control or revoke the policy, which affects tax treatment and estate inclusion. Selecting the correct ownership and ensuring the transfer is completed in compliance with applicable rules are essential to achieving the intended benefits. Coordination with financial powers of attorney or account ownership documentation may also be necessary during the transition.
The trustee manages trust assets, accepts gifts, pays insurance premiums, and administers benefits when the policy proceeds are received. Duties include record keeping, filing any required tax returns, communicating with beneficiaries, and making distributions according to the trust terms. The trustee’s powers can be tailored to permit particular investments, loans to beneficiaries, or protection provisions such as spendthrift language. Choosing a trustee who is capable of handling these responsibilities and who understands the family’s goals helps ensure the trust operates smoothly when needed.
A critical concept in ILIT planning is the three-year rule which may cause a life insurance policy transferred to a trust to be included in the grantor’s estate if the grantor dies within three years of the transfer. This rule affects timing decisions for funding an existing policy versus buying a new policy owned by the trust. Careful planning helps avoid unintended estate inclusion and preserves the intended tax and probate benefits. Attorneys typically review timelines and policy history to identify potential exposure and craft an appropriate plan.
Funding an ILIT often involves making annual gifts to the trust so the trustee can pay policy premiums, and these gifts can be structured to use the annual gift tax exclusion to reduce tax reporting. Effective ILIT funding plans consider donor intent, the amount of premiums, and how gifts will be documented. A properly prepared trust and gifting strategy can enable premium payments without immediate gift tax consequences, while preserving a clear audit trail so that gifts are handled consistently and beneficiaries receive anticipated benefits without administrative complications.
When considering an ILIT, it is helpful to compare it with alternatives such as owning a policy personally, using a revocable living trust to provide liquidity, or relying on beneficiary designations alone. Owning a policy in an ILIT may remove proceeds from the taxable estate and provide structured distributions, while retaining a policy personally gives the owner more flexibility but may increase estate inclusion. Each option involves trade-offs regarding control, tax consequences, probate exposure, and administrative complexity. A thorough review of assets and objectives clarifies which approach best supports family goals.
For individuals whose life insurance policies are modest in size and whose overall estate is unlikely to trigger federal estate tax, retaining ownership of a policy personally and using beneficiary designations may be a straightforward solution. This approach reduces administrative complexity and avoids creating an irrevocable vehicle when that level of protection is not needed. It also permits the policy owner to change coverage or beneficiaries easily. However, even in these cases, coordination with other estate planning documents ensures beneficiary designations reflect current wishes and that sufficient liquidity exists to handle final expenses.
If the primary planning concern is a predictable short-term need for liquidity to cover final expenses or taxes, alternative tools such as a revocable living trust or designated liquid reserves may address the requirement without creating an irrevocable trust. For some families, combining a pour-over will with a revocable trust and a clear beneficiary designation achieves objectives with fewer restrictions. The right choice depends on long-term goals, family dynamics, and whether protecting proceeds from creditors or managing distribution timing is a priority.
When a client’s net worth includes retirement accounts, business interests, real property, and large life insurance policies, coordinating those assets under a comprehensive plan reduces the risk of unintended tax consequences or probate complications. An ILIT can be part of a broader structure that includes revocable trusts, retirement plan trusts, and guardianship nominations. A holistic review ensures that beneficiary designations, trust terms, and funding strategies work together to carry out the client’s goals while minimizing administrative burdens for survivors.
Families with beneficiaries who are young, have special needs, or face creditor exposure often benefit from a carefully drafted ILIT coordinated with other protective trusts. Tailored distribution provisions and spendthrift protections can preserve assets for intended beneficiaries while providing for their needs over time. Working with a legal team to set up complementary documents such as a special needs trust or custodial arrangements reduces the chance of misalignment between the life insurance plan and the rest of the estate plan, ensuring resources are used as intended by the grantor.
A coordinated approach that combines an ILIT with appropriate wills, trusts, and powers of attorney provides clarity and continuity for family members. It helps ensure that life insurance proceeds are available to cover taxes, debts, or ongoing support without becoming entangled in probate. Integrating the ILIT with a pour-over will, revocable living trust, and certification of trust documents streamlines administration and helps the trustee and family locate necessary information quickly after a death, reducing stress during an already difficult time.
Comprehensive planning also allows thoughtful alignment of beneficiaries and distribution timing so that proceeds support long-term goals like education, care for a family member with special needs, or preservation of a family business. By addressing ownership, naming conventions, and funding strategies in advance, clients create a predictable framework for trustees to follow. That predictability helps avoid disputes among heirs and ensures the grantor’s intentions are honored while providing practical liquidity that beneficiaries can rely on during transitions.
One of the primary benefits of using an ILIT in a broader estate plan is the immediate availability of funds to manage final expenses, taxes, and debts without forcing an untimely sale of assets. When life insurance proceeds pass directly to a trust, the trustee can use those funds according to the trust terms to preserve family property and provide support. That liquidity ensures that beneficiaries are not burdened with complicated and time-consuming probate procedures while they manage important financial and personal transitions.
An ILIT allows a grantor to set detailed instructions for how life insurance proceeds are distributed, which can include staggered payments, educational stipends, or payments for healthcare. These provisions can offer protection from creditors and ensure that funds are used according to the grantor’s intentions. When coordinated with trusts such as a special needs trust or retirement plan trust, the ILIT can preserve benefits eligibility while providing supplemental support, creating a comprehensive framework for sustainable financial care of beneficiaries over time.
If an ILIT is part of your plan, begin funding as early as appropriate to avoid timing pitfalls such as the three-year rule and to ensure that premium payments are documented correctly. Annual exclusion gifts can be used to provide the trustee with funds to pay premiums, and clear documentation of those gifts helps future administration. Discussing the ideal method to transfer ownership of an existing policy versus purchasing a new policy in trust helps minimize unintended tax consequences while preserving the trust’s intended benefits for beneficiaries.
An ILIT must be coordinated with beneficiary designations on retirement accounts and life insurance policies outside the trust to avoid conflicting outcomes. Review beneficiary designation forms, powers of attorney, and wills to ensure they reflect current intentions and align with the ILIT structure. Updating documents after major life events such as marriage, divorce, births, or changes in asset ownership helps prevent unintended beneficiaries or probate complications and reinforces the grantor’s overall legacy plan for family members in Del Rey Oaks and beyond.
Consider an ILIT if you want life insurance proceeds managed outside of probate, have concerns about estate tax exposure, or expect beneficiaries who would benefit from structured distributions. An ILIT can protect proceeds from being subject to the decedent’s personal creditors in some contexts and provides a mechanism to control how funds are used over time. Families contemplating leaving significant life insurance proceeds to minor children, a surviving spouse, or a family trust often find that an ILIT helps align liquidity needs with long-term distribution goals.
You might also consider an ILIT when coordinating insurance with other planning tools such as a revocable living trust, retirement plan trust, or special needs trust. If you hold a large policy and want to ensure proceeds address estate settlement costs or carry on a family business without forcing asset sales, an ILIT can be a useful component. Discussing intentions in advance allows careful drafting to avoid unintended estate inclusion and to preserve the expected tax and administrative benefits for those you wish to protect.
Common circumstances that bring clients to consider an ILIT include significant life insurance holdings, concern about estate liquidity, planning for minor or vulnerable beneficiaries, or a desire to provide creditor protection for proceeds. Business owners may use an ILIT to provide liquidity for estate taxes so that family businesses are not forced to sell. Clients who want to control timing and conditions of distributions after death frequently pair an ILIT with other trust vehicles to ensure a comprehensive, coordinated plan for managing family wealth and obligations.
When life insurance proceeds are consequential relative to the size of an estate, placing those policies in a trust can help preserve intended benefits for heirs while minimizing tax exposure. An ILIT is a way to keep proceeds out of the probate estate and to set rules for how and when distributions are made. This approach is often used to provide cash for estate settlement, to equalize inheritances among beneficiaries, or to maintain continuity for a family business when ownership interests need to remain intact after a death.
An ILIT can be tailored to supplement a special needs trust or be structured to provide staged distributions that protect a beneficiary’s public benefit eligibility and prevent misuse of funds. For beneficiaries who are not comfortable managing a large sum, the trustee can be directed to provide support for education, healthcare, or living expenses over time. These tailored distribution provisions give grantors confidence that proceeds will be used responsibly while continuing to support the long-term welfare of loved ones.
Probate can be time-consuming and public, and some families want to keep insurance proceeds and estate details private and outside of the probate process. An ILIT often achieves that goal by owning the policy and directing proceeds to beneficiaries through trust provisions. This approach promotes quicker access to funds for immediate needs and reduces public exposure of the decedent’s financial affairs. When privacy and efficient access to resources are priorities, an ILIT may be a sensible tool to consider within a broader estate plan.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serves clients in Del Rey Oaks and Monterey County with focused estate planning services that include drafting and administering irrevocable life insurance trusts. We take time to learn each client’s circumstances, review existing policies and assets, and recommend a coordinated plan that aligns with family goals. Our process includes reviewing beneficiary designations, preparing supporting documents such as certification of trust and pour-over wills, and advising about trustee selection and funding strategies so families have practical options and written directions for managing life insurance proceeds.
Clients rely on the firm for practical guidance about how to structure an ILIT and how it relates to their broader estate plan. We emphasize careful drafting, clear funding steps, and communication among trustees and family members to reduce surprises after a death. Our services include analyzing whether transferring an existing policy, purchasing a policy through the trust, or coordinating beneficiary designations will best accomplish the client’s objectives, with attention to California rules and federal tax considerations.
We assist clients with the administrative details that ensure a trust functions as intended, including preparing general assignments of assets to trust when needed, advising on certification of trust documents for financial institutions, and helping to document annual exclusion gifts. Our goal is to provide a durable plan that is easy for trustees and family members to follow, minimizes administrative delays, and protects the interests of beneficiaries in a way that matches the grantor’s wishes and financial realities.
Beyond drafting, we help clients anticipate contingency scenarios such as trustee incapacity or beneficiary disputes and include successor trustee provisions and dispute resolution mechanisms to reduce friction. We also coordinate with other professionals, including financial advisors and insurance agents, to make sure the funding method and policy ownership are consistent with the estate plan. This practical collaboration is intended to preserve value for beneficiaries and make the transition easier for family members at a difficult time.
Our process begins with a detailed review of your current estate documents, financial accounts, and life insurance policies so we can recommend an approach that meets your objectives. After understanding family dynamics and goals, we draft the trust agreement and related documents, advise on funding steps, and coordinate with trustees and financial institutions to retitle policies if appropriate. We also prepare supporting documents like pour-over wills and HIPAA authorizations so the ILIT functions as part of a cohesive plan rather than as an isolated instrument.
The first step involves a confidential meeting to gather information about assets, beneficiaries, and any existing insurance policies. We assess whether an ILIT aligns with your objectives, review the ownership history of policies, and identify timing issues such as the three-year rule. This stage also includes discussing trustee options, funding strategies using annual exclusion gifts, and how the ILIT will interact with other documents like revocable trusts, pour-over wills, and powers of attorney to ensure consistent administration across your estate plan.
During intake we collect details about income, retirement accounts, life insurance policies, real estate, and family circumstances so that the ILIT design reflects the whole picture. Knowing if a beneficiary has special needs, whether there are minor children, or whether a business interest exists will influence drafting choices. This comprehensive review also helps determine whether transferring an existing policy to the trust is appropriate, whether a new policy owned by the trust is preferable, and how gifts to the trust should be structured for premium payments.
In the early phase we explain key timing rules, such as the three-year estate inclusion rule, and tax considerations that may affect the decision to transfer an existing policy. We also explore funding methods, including annual exclusion gifts or lump-sum contributions to the trust, and discuss documentation to support those gifts. Clear explanation of these details allows clients to make informed choices about policy ownership and when to effect changes, minimizing surprise consequences and helping preserve intended benefits for beneficiaries.
After determining the appropriate structure we prepare the ILIT document, naming the trustee, successor trustees, and beneficiaries and setting out distribution standards. We include provisions addressing trustee powers, record keeping, and instructions for handling insurance proceeds. At this stage we also prepare complementary documents such as a certification of trust for financial institutions, a general assignment of assets to trust if needed, and updates to a pour-over will so that the ILIT functions seamlessly with the larger estate plan.
Drafting focuses on practical distribution provisions that reflect the grantor’s goals, whether that means staged distributions, education payments, or regular support for a surviving spouse. Trustee powers are written to allow necessary administrative actions such as paying premiums, investing trust funds, and making discretionary distributions while maintaining appropriate safeguards. Including spendthrift provisions or instructions for coordinating with special needs trusts helps protect beneficiaries and ensures that trustee decisions align with the family’s overall plan.
Once the trust is signed, we prepare documents needed to transfer policy ownership or to enable the trustee to purchase a policy for the trust. This may include assignment forms, beneficiary designation updates, and letters to insurance carriers. We also provide guidance on how to document annual exclusion gifts to the trust so premium payments are properly recorded. Clear instructions for these steps reduce the chance of overlooking details that could compromise the intended benefits of the ILIT.
After the trust is funded, the trustee administers the policy and keeps records of gifts and premium payments. Periodic reviews are recommended to confirm that beneficiary designations, policy terms, and funding sources remain consistent with the estate plan as life changes occur. The firm can assist trustees with administrative tasks such as confirming policy ownership with carriers, documenting premium payments, and advising on distributions when proceeds are paid. Ongoing attention preserves the trust’s intended function and helps beneficiaries receive benefits smoothly.
Trustees should maintain clear records of premium payments, gifts to the trust, correspondence with insurers, and any trust distributions. These records are critical to demonstrate that the trust was properly funded and administered, especially if tax or creditor inquiries arise. The firm can provide templates and guidance to help trustees maintain the necessary documentation and communicate with beneficiaries transparently while following the trust’s distribution rules and preserving confidentiality where appropriate.
Regular reviews of the estate plan, including the ILIT and related documents like powers of attorney and advance health care directives, ensure that the plan continues to reflect current intentions and legal developments. Life events such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, or changes in asset ownership may require updates to trustee appointments, beneficiary designations, or funding strategies. Scheduling periodic check-ins helps identify necessary adjustments before they become urgent, keeping the plan effective and aligned with the client’s objectives.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is primarily designed to hold and administer life insurance policies for the benefit of designated beneficiaries under the terms set by the grantor. By placing a policy in a trust that the grantor no longer owns, the death proceeds are administered by the trustee according to the trust provisions, which can provide liquidity, allow directed distributions, and help avoid probate delays for the funds. The trust document can also include specific instructions about timing and uses for distributions to reflect the grantor’s goals and family needs. Beyond probate considerations, the ILIT provides a clear framework for how proceeds are handled, which can reduce disagreements among beneficiaries and create predictable outcomes. Because the trustee manages the proceeds, it also reduces the administrative burden on family members during a difficult time and ensures that distributions are made consistent with the grantor’s plan for supporting loved ones and preserving family assets.
Funding an ILIT can affect estate taxes by removing the insurance policy and its proceeds from the grantor’s taxable estate if the transfer is completed in accordance with applicable tax rules and sufficient time elapses before the grantor’s death. Properly funded ILITs can help reduce the estate value that may be subject to federal estate tax and, in certain circumstances, state level considerations. Planning around taxes involves timing, documentation of gifts used to pay premiums, and coordination with other estate assets to achieve the desired outcomes. It is important to plan for potential tax implications early, including how to structure premium gifts to utilize the annual gift tax exclusion if appropriate. The firm reviews the client’s overall estate picture to recommend whether transferring an existing policy, funding a new trust-owned policy, or using other measures will best meet objectives while minimizing unintended tax exposure.
Transferring an existing life insurance policy into an ILIT is possible but requires careful attention to timing and tax rules. One significant consideration is the three-year rule, which can cause the policy proceeds to be included in the grantor’s estate if the grantor dies within three years of the transfer. Because of this, some clients choose to buy a new trust-owned policy rather than transfer an existing one, depending on the circumstances and timing. The firm will review the policy history and ownership status to recommend the best approach. There are also administrative steps such as completing assignment forms, updating beneficiary designations if necessary, and documenting gifts that fund premium payments. Proper documentation and coordination with the insurance carrier are essential so the transfer is recognized and the trust can manage premium payments reliably going forward.
Choosing a trustee involves balancing trustworthiness, administrative capability, and impartiality. A trustee must manage premium payments, keep records, communicate with beneficiaries, and follow the trust’s distribution provisions. Some clients nominate a trusted family member or friend who understands the family’s needs, while others designate a professional fiduciary or corporate trustee for their administrative experience and continuity. Identifying successor trustees and clarifying compensation or reimbursement provisions in the trust helps avoid confusion later on. The right trustee for one family may not be suitable for another, so the selection should be based on the specific duties the trust requires and the family dynamics involved. The firm helps discuss options, draft clear trustee powers, and include protections and instructions that make administrative tasks manageable and consistent with the grantor’s goals.
The three-year rule refers to a tax provision that can cause life insurance proceeds to be included in the grantor’s estate if the grantor transfers a policy to another owner and dies within three years of that transfer. That result can defeat the estate planning purpose of removing the policy from the taxable estate. Because of the potential consequences, timing decisions about transferring ownership versus purchasing a new policy owned by the trust are important considerations in ILIT planning. Addressing the three-year rule requires a review of when ownership changes occurred and a determination of whether the trustee can rely on alternative funding methods. The firm advises clients on timing strategies and documents funding approaches carefully to reduce the risk that the intended benefits of the trust will be compromised by the rule.
For minor beneficiaries an ILIT can be structured to provide staged distributions for education, healthcare, or living expenses rather than an immediate lump-sum payment. The trust document can specify ages or life events that trigger distributions and can authorize the trustee to make discretionary payments to support the minor in a responsible way. This approach helps protect assets from being mishandled and ensures that funds support the child’s long-term needs. When minors are involved, the trust often includes successor trustee provisions and clear guidance on how funds should be used to further the grantor’s intentions. Coordination with guardianship nominations and any custodial arrangements helps ensure that both the minor’s physical care and financial needs are addressed within a unified plan.
An ILIT can provide some protection of proceeds from certain creditor claims because the policy and resulting proceeds are held in trust rather than the decedent’s personal estate, which may limit probate exposure. However, the degree of protection depends on the type of creditor, the timing of transfers, and applicable law. The trust’s terms, including spendthrift provisions, can further shield assets from beneficiaries’ creditors, but there are circumstances where protection may be limited or subject to challenge. It is important to understand that protections are fact-specific, and professional guidance helps ensure that trust provisions and funding methods are designed with reasonable expectations regarding creditor claims. The firm reviews client goals and legal limitations to set up an approach that balances protection with administrative practicality.
An ILIT works alongside a revocable living trust by addressing a specific need: management and ownership of life insurance proceeds outside of the grantor’s probate estate. While a revocable living trust holds assets that may be changed during life, an ILIT is irrevocable and focused on the insurance vehicle. Together, these trusts can coordinate to provide both general estate distribution plans and dedicated insurance management for liquidity or targeted benefits. Coordination typically involves aligning beneficiary designations, ensuring pour-over wills and certification of trust documents are consistent, and confirming that trustee roles and successor arrangements work together. The firm helps design complementary provisions so that beneficiaries receive appropriate support while the overall estate plan remains cohesive.
Documents commonly prepared alongside an ILIT include a pour-over will, revocable living trust updates, a certification of trust for institutional recognition, financial powers of attorney, and advance health care directives. Additionally, a general assignment of assets to trust may be used if other assets are to be moved into trusts for cohesive planning. These documents ensure that the ILIT’s function is integrated into the larger estate plan and that trustees and financial institutions have the necessary authorization to act. Supporting letters and forms for insurance carriers, documentation of annual exclusion gifts used to pay premiums, and beneficiary designation reviews are also part of a thorough implementation. The firm assists with this suite of documents to reduce administrative gaps and to help trustees and family members understand the plan at the time it is needed.
Reviewing an ILIT and related estate planning documents periodically ensures they remain aligned with changing family circumstances and legal developments. Major life events such as births, marriages, divorces, significant changes in asset values, or the acquisition of new insurance policies should prompt a plan review. Regular reviews help identify necessary updates to trustee appointments, beneficiary designations, or funding strategies so that the plan continues to function as intended. We recommend scheduling reviews at least every few years or whenever a significant life change occurs, and more frequently if assets or family dynamics change often. These check-ins reduce the risk of overlooked inconsistencies and ensure that trustees and beneficiaries are familiar with the plan before it becomes necessary to administer it.
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