A pet trust is a legal arrangement that ensures your companion animals receive care if you cannot provide for them. For residents of Barstow and surrounding San Bernardino County, a properly drafted pet trust creates a durable plan for ongoing veterinary care, housing, and day-to-day needs. This introductory overview explains how a pet trust works, why you might include it within a broader estate plan, and what documents—such as a pour-over will or a certification of trust—often accompany a pet trust. We focus on practical steps to protect pets and provide peace of mind for owners and caregivers alike.
Many people assume their loved ones will take care of pets after incapacity or death, but without clear legal instructions and funding, those animals can face uncertainty. A pet trust names a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide day-to-day attention, and it sets out instructions for medical care, diet, exercise, and end-of-life decisions. This guide outlines how to choose appropriate provisions, how to fund the trust using assets or specific accounts, and the role of related estate planning instruments like powers of attorney and advance health care directives in ensuring continuous care.
Creating a pet trust reduces the risk that your animal companions will enter shelters or be rehomed due to lack of instructions or funds. A trust lets you lay out detailed care preferences, appoint reliable caretakers, and set aside funds dedicated to the pet’s needs. It also protects your intent by making those funds legally accountable to the trustee for the pet’s care rather than being used for other purposes. For people who rely on complex medical plans or have multiple animals, a pet trust offers structure and clarity that helps caregivers follow your wishes and provide consistent, long-term support.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman assists clients across California, including Barstow and San Bernardino County, with comprehensive estate planning services tailored to family and pet needs. Our office helps prepare revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, financial powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and specific trust forms for pets. We emphasize clear communication, practical planning steps, and documents that align with your preferences for medical care, guardianship nominations, and trust funding. Our team offers guidance about trustee selection, funding strategies, and coordination with other estate documents to ensure a cohesive plan.
A pet trust is a written, legally enforceable plan that sets aside funds and directions for the care of animals in the event of an owner’s incapacity or death. Under California law, pet trusts allow an owner to designate a trustee to hold and manage assets for the pet, appoint a caregiver to provide daily care, and state preferences for veterinary treatment, grooming, diet, exercise, and housing. The trust can include instructions about contingencies such as transfers if the caregiver can no longer perform duties, and can specify what should occur with remaining funds after the pet’s death.
Creating a pet trust requires decisions about funding, oversight, and enforceability. Typical funding mechanisms include transfers to a dedicated trust account, naming a trust as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy or retirement plan, or using a general trust that contains a dedicated pet provision. The trust should name alternate caregivers and trustees, include a certification of trust or pour-over will where needed, and coordinate with health care directives and financial powers of attorney to ensure seamless care during incapacity. Clear, written instructions minimize disputes and make the caregiver’s responsibilities easier to follow.
A pet trust is a subset of property law and estate planning that creates a fiduciary arrangement to provide for an animal’s support. In practice, the document names a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide hands-on care, sets out permissible uses of trust funds, and outlines the conditions under which funds are spent. California statutes recognize the enforceability of pet trusts and allow for clear appointment of human beneficiaries or charities to receive remaining funds. This clarity helps ensure that the animal’s well-being is prioritized while maintaining legal oversight to prevent misuse of resources.
When preparing a pet trust, several key elements deserve attention: identification of the pet and detailed care instructions, naming of caregiver and trustee with alternates, funding method and anticipated budget, oversight provisions such as reporting or veterinarian verification, and instructions for disposition of remaining funds. The process typically begins with a consultation to determine priorities, followed by drafting and execution of trust documents, transferring or designating assets for funding, and communicating plans to caregivers and trustees. Periodic review ensures the plan reflects changing circumstances such as health, finances, or relocation.
Understanding the terminology used in pet trust planning is important for making informed decisions. Below are common terms and brief explanations that often appear in trust documents and related estate planning materials. These definitions help clarify roles, legal duties, funding options, and contingencies so you can tailor provisions to your pet’s unique needs. If any term is unfamiliar, discuss it with the attorney preparing the documents to ensure your instructions are legally sound and practically implementable by the designated caregiver.
A trustee is the person or entity responsible for managing the trust assets on behalf of the pet in accordance with the trust’s terms. Duties include administering funds, paying bills related to the pet’s care, keeping records, and following the owner’s written instructions. The trustee may be the same person as the caregiver or a different individual or institution that provides financial oversight. Choosing a trustee who is reliable, organized, and willing to communicate with the caregiver and veterinarian helps ensure the pet’s needs are met consistently over time.
The caregiver is the person who provides daily, hands-on care for the pet, handling feeding, exercise, grooming, transportation to veterinary appointments, and emotional comfort. The trust should identify the primary caregiver and alternates in case the primary cannot fulfill responsibilities. It can also specify the caregiver’s compensation, responsibilities for seeking veterinary care, and expectations related to housing and travel. Clear, written instructions help the caregiver follow the owner’s wishes and use funds appropriately for the pet’s welfare.
Funding refers to the assets or income designated to pay for the pet’s care under the trust. Common funding methods include transferring cash or assets into the trust, naming the trust as beneficiary of an insurance policy or retirement account, or allocating a portion of a general estate plan for pets. The trust should include a realistic budget for ongoing expenses and contingency funds for emergencies or end-of-life veterinary care. Proper funding ensures the trustee can meet the pet’s needs without delay or dispute.
A remainder beneficiary is the person or organization designated to receive any remaining trust funds after the pet’s death or when the trust terminates. Owners often choose family members, friends, or charitable organizations aligned with animal welfare as remainder beneficiaries. Naming a remainder beneficiary provides clarity about the final disposition of trust assets and prevents asset confusion after the trust’s primary purpose has concluded. The choice can reflect the owner’s values and may provide comfort that remaining resources will be used in a meaningful way.
When planning for a pet’s care, owners can choose between a dedicated pet trust, provisions within a revocable living trust, or relying on informal caregiver arrangements. A standalone pet trust offers specificity and enforceability, while placing pet provisions within a broader revocable trust can streamline overall estate administration. Informal arrangements may lack legal force and funding safeguards. The right approach depends on factors such as the number of pets, expected long-term costs, and the need for oversight. Evaluating options helps ensure the chosen method balances formality with flexibility to meet the pet’s needs.
A limited approach may be suitable when an owner has one or two pets and a clearly identified caregiver who is both willing and financially able to assume responsibility. In such cases, including a simple designation in a will or a basic provision in a revocable trust with a modest funding allocation can provide direction without creating complex trust administration. Clear written instructions and communication with the caregiver remain important to ensure that day-to-day care expectations are understood and that funds are available when necessary for veterinary visits or emergencies.
When anticipated veterinary and care costs are low and the owner has stable, predictable living arrangements, a simpler arrangement may suffice. For low-maintenance pets with limited medical needs, setting aside a modest sum within a broader estate plan and naming a responsible caregiver can be effective. It is still important to document care instructions, identify alternates, and specify how funds should be used. This measured approach reduces administrative burden while providing practical protection for the animal.
Owners with multiple animals or pets that require ongoing medical attention, special diets, or behavioral care benefit from a comprehensive pet trust. Detailed provisions allow for budgeting, hiring professional caregivers if necessary, and establishing oversight mechanisms such as periodic reports or veterinary certification. A comprehensive trust ensures funds are available for long-term care needs, avoids ambiguity about caretaking responsibilities, and protects the animals from gaps in funding or incompatible arrangements that could disrupt their well-being.
When significant assets will fund the pet’s care or when owners wish to create long-term endowments for multiple animals, a comprehensive approach helps structure distributions, investment oversight, and clear constraints on spending. This approach can address contingencies like successor caregivers, trustee compensation, and procedures for disputes. Proper drafting anticipates changes in veterinary technology and costs, and it can include provisions for adjusting budgets or transitioning care while preserving the intended quality of life for the animals.
A comprehensive trust offers reliable financial support and legal clarity for caretakers, preventing misunderstandings about available funds and intended usage. It allows owners to specify routine care, emergency protocols, preferences for end-of-life decisions, and expectations for socialization and housing. Having structured oversight reduces the likelihood of disputes and supports continuity of care if a caregiver becomes unable to continue. The predictability of a comprehensive trust helps protect both the pet’s welfare and the owner’s peace of mind knowing that practical arrangements are in place.
Additional benefits include the ability to schedule disbursements for recurring expenses, require receipts or veterinary reports, and name alternates to avoid gaps in care. Trusts can be tailored to allow for reasonable flexibility in unexpected circumstances while preserving the owner’s core preferences. A well-documented plan also simplifies transitions between caregivers and reduces administrative obstacles, ensuring that funds are used as intended. Overall, a comprehensive approach balances practical management with respect for the owner’s stated wishes for the pet’s lifestyle and health needs.
Financial security through a tailored trust prevents caretakers from having to choose between personal finances and providing care. By budgeting for routine veterinary visits, medication, grooming, and emergency treatment, the trust ensures access to necessary services. When funds are managed by a trustee, caregivers can focus on the pet’s daily comfort rather than the logistics of payment. The arrangement can also include periodic reviews to adjust funding as the pet ages or medical needs change, safeguarding continuous, consistent care throughout the animal’s lifetime.
Providing explicit written instructions for housing, medical decisions, dietary needs, and socialization reduces ambiguity that often leads to family disputes. A comprehensive trust spells out responsibilities and compensation for caregivers, timelines for decision-making, and procedures for resolving disagreements. This clarity helps preserve relationships and prevents well-meaning relatives from making unilateral choices that conflict with the owner’s wishes. By documenting intent and designating responsible parties, the plan promotes stability for the pet and a smoother transition for all involved.
Selecting trustworthy caregivers and trustees is one of the most important practical steps in pet trust planning. Choose individuals who understand the time and financial commitment of caring for your animals, and name alternates in case circumstances change. Discuss your instructions and expectations in detail with the proposed caregivers so they are willing and prepared to honor your plan. Consider whether the trustee should be a family member, a friend, or a professional fiduciary who can provide ongoing oversight and handle financial matters in the caregiver’s absence.
Provide written instructions covering feeding schedules, medical history, medications, preferred veterinarians, grooming routines, behavioral needs, and any comfort items or routines important to the pet. Include contact information for your veterinarian and any behavior specialists and keep records of vaccinations and medical treatments. Document emergency preferences and end-of-life wishes so caregivers can make informed decisions without hesitation. Clear documentation reduces stress for caregivers and helps maintain the pet’s routine during transitions.
Pet trusts provide a legal framework to ensure ongoing care for companion animals when owners become incapacitated or pass away. They protect against the risk that a pet will be rehomed or placed in a shelter due to lack of instructions or funding. A trust also enables owners to designate trusted caregivers, allocate funds for medical treatments and daily needs, and include oversight measures that hold trustees accountable. For pet owners who view animals as family members, a pet trust brings structure and assurance that their wishes will be followed.
Beyond emotional considerations, pet trusts address practical concerns such as how to pay for medications, ongoing treatments, or specialized care. They define responsibilities for both caregivers and trustees and can reduce the chance of disputes among family members. A pet trust coordinates with broader estate planning tools like powers of attorney and advance health care directives to create a comprehensive safety net during incapacity. When planned thoughtfully, the trust safeguards the pet’s quality of life and supports a smooth transition under unexpected circumstances.
Pet trusts are particularly valuable when owners face significant medical risks, travel frequently, or lack nearby family who can reliably care for animals. They are also useful for owners of aging pets that may need more frequent veterinary care and for households with pets that have behavioral or medical needs requiring ongoing attention. Additionally, people with considerable assets who wish to designate dedicated funds for pets, or those who want to ensure pets stay together and receive consistent care, will find a pet trust beneficial in addressing these concerns.
When an owner becomes incapacitated or requires extended hospitalization, immediate arrangements are needed for the pet’s daily care and medical needs. A pet trust identifies caregivers and funding to maintain the animal’s routine and health without delay. By naming a trustee and specifying how funds should be accessed for vet visits, medication, and boarding, the trust helps caregivers act quickly and appropriately. Clear instructions minimize disruption to the pet and reduce administrative burdens on friends or relatives stepping in temporarily.
An unexpected death or a permanent change of residence can leave pets without caretakers unless arrangements are in place. A pet trust ensures there is a plan for long-term care, naming alternates if the primary caregiver cannot assume responsibility. It also allocates funds that a trustee will manage for ongoing expenses and emergency needs. This planning prevents rushed or poorly informed decisions and helps maintain the pet’s stability by ensuring consistent care and environment according to the owner’s prior instructions.
Pets requiring ongoing medical treatments, specialized diets, or behavioral management benefit from specific, written instructions to guide caregivers. A pet trust can identify preferred veterinarians, outline medication schedules, and set aside funds for routine and unexpected treatments. It also allows for clauses that require veterinary confirmation for major decisions and can include funding for training or behavioral therapy. These provisions ensure that caregivers can meet specialized needs without incurring personal financial strain or making uninformed choices.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provide pet trust planning services tailored to Barstow residents and nearby communities. We help clients identify caregivers and trustees, draft clear trust instructions, and coordinate funding via trusts, wills, or beneficiary designations. Our approach includes practical guidance on selecting alternates, documenting veterinary preferences, and integrating pet care plans into a broader estate strategy. We strive to make the process straightforward so that owners can protect their pets’ future care with confidence and clarity.
Our firm focuses on clear, practical estate planning documents that reflect each client’s priorities, including the care of companion animals. We provide personalized attention in drafting pet trusts and related documents such as pour-over wills and certificates of trust. Clients receive guidance on funding options, trustee responsibilities, and caregiver agreements to ensure the trust functions smoothly. We also assist with coordinating documents like advance health care directives and financial powers of attorney so that the plan works in tandem during periods of incapacity or transition.
We emphasize open communication and thorough drafting to minimize ambiguity. This includes advising clients on realistic funding, creating contingency plans for alternate caregivers, and suggesting oversight measures to ensure funds are used for the pet’s benefit. Our team prepares documents so caregivers and trustees understand their roles and the procedures for disbursements, veterinary approval, and recordkeeping. By anticipating common issues and documenting decisions clearly, we help clients protect their pets while reducing stress for those left to carry out the plan.
Clients often appreciate the practical checklists and written templates we provide for caregiver handovers, including veterinary records, medication instructions, and emergency contacts. We also assist with success planning for trust administration and advise on how to update documents as circumstances change. Our goal is to create a durable, flexible plan that respects the owner’s wishes and simplifies implementation for caregivers and trustees in Barstow and throughout San Bernardino County.
Our process begins with a detailed consultation to understand your pet’s needs, your preferred caregiver, and funding options. We assess whether a standalone pet trust or a provision within a broader revocable trust is more appropriate. After drafting documents, we review them with you and discuss caregiver and trustee roles, alternate arrangements, and funding mechanics. Once signed, we help implement funding steps and provide templates for caregiver handovers. The goal is to ensure documents are legally sound and practically effective for the pet’s care.
During the initial consultation we gather information about the pet’s needs, identify potential caregivers and trustees, and review your assets to determine funding methods. We discuss medical history, daily routines, and any behavioral or mobility considerations. This planning session sets priorities, clarifies expectations, and establishes the scope of the trust, including budget and oversight provisions. Clear identification of alternates and contingencies helps avoid future disruptions and ensures the trust is tailored to meet anticipated circumstances.
In the care and funding assessment we outline the anticipated costs of routine veterinary care, medication, food, grooming, and potential emergency procedures. We identify assets that can be designated to the trust, such as cash transfers, beneficiary designations on life insurance, or allocations from a revocable trust. Accurate budgeting at this stage prevents funding shortfalls and helps determine whether the trust should include provisions for additional support or limits on spending to preserve resources for the long term.
Selecting caregivers and trustees involves evaluating availability, willingness, and capability to fulfill designated responsibilities. We recommend naming alternates and clarifying compensation, reporting requirements, and authority levels for medical decisions. These choices should reflect both practical caregiving skills and reliability in managing funds. Open discussions with proposed caregivers reduce surprises and help confirm that the arrangement will be sustainable. Documentation of these agreements ensures all parties understand their roles before the trust becomes operative.
After planning, we prepare trust documents incorporating care instructions, funding mechanisms, trustee powers, and contingency plans. We also draft related instruments such as pour-over wills, financial powers of attorney, and advance health care directives to ensure seamless coordination. Documents are reviewed in detail to confirm that language is clear and enforceable. We guide clients through signing formalities and answer any questions the caregiver or trustee may have so administration proceeds smoothly when the trust becomes effective.
Coordination includes aligning beneficiary designations, ensuring retirement accounts or life insurance policies reflect the intended funding plan, and confirming that pour-over wills work with the trust structure. These steps reduce the risk of unintended distributions that could leave the pet underfunded. We also prepare certification of trust documents to facilitate interactions with veterinarians or financial institutions while protecting sensitive details of the trust’s provisions.
Before final execution we review all documents with clients, caregivers, and trustees to ensure clarity about responsibilities and procedures. We suggest adjustments for contingencies such as relocation, long-term illness of caregivers, or changes in the pet’s health. This review helps avoid ambiguity and ensures that funding and access to funds are properly arranged. After signing, we provide instructions for funding transfers and templates for caregiver handover materials to facilitate a smooth transition when needed.
Once the trust is active, the trustee manages funds, pays authorized expenses, and maintains records as required by the trust. Ongoing oversight can include periodic veterinary reports, receipts for major expenses, and communication with the caregiver to ensure instructions are followed. If circumstances change, the trustee and caregiver may need to implement contingency plans or consult with legal counsel to interpret trust provisions. Regular reviews with an attorney help keep the plan up to date with changes in law, finances, or the pet’s needs.
The trustee’s duties typically include safeguarding trust assets, disbursing funds for authorized care, maintaining accurate accounting, and following any reporting or approval processes set forth in the trust. This might mean obtaining periodic veterinary statements, providing receipts for expenses, and communicating with the caregiver about ongoing needs. Clear reporting requirements help trustees and caregivers work together effectively and provide transparency for remainder beneficiaries about how funds were used.
If your circumstances or the needs of your pet change, you may need to update the trust, change caregivers, or adjust funding. Revocable pet trusts allow modifications during your lifetime to reflect new preferences or life events. We recommend periodic reviews to confirm contact information, funding status, and applicability of care instructions. If the trust is irrevocable, discuss options for modification or adjustments with counsel to address practical concerns while respecting the trust’s terms.
A pet trust is a legal document that sets aside funds and directions for the care of one or more companion animals. It names a trustee to manage money and a caregiver to provide hands-on care, and it outlines specifics such as feeding schedules, veterinary providers, medication regimens, and emergency procedures. By creating a trust, you put clear, enforceable responsibilities and funding mechanisms in place so that the animal’s needs are met during periods of incapacity or after your death. Beyond naming responsible parties, the trust provides legal accountability for the designated funds. The trustee holds and disburses money according to the trust terms, while the caregiver focuses on day-to-day care. Clear documentation helps avoid disputes and ensures that instructions are followed. For owners who want reliable long-term care arrangements, a pet trust adds structure and protection for the animal’s welfare.
Funding a pet trust can be accomplished in several ways, including transferring cash or assets into the trust, naming the trust as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy or retirement account, or allocating a portion of a general revocable trust for the pet’s care. Choosing the right method depends on your assets, liquidity needs, and whether you want the funding to take effect immediately or upon your death. A realistic budget that considers routine care, emergencies, and potential long-term medical needs helps determine appropriate funding levels. It is also important to plan for contingencies, such as inflation or unexpected medical expenses. Some trusts include instructions for adjusting distributions or require veterinary certification for significant expenditures. Coordinating beneficiary designations and retirement account assignments with your overall estate plan reduces the risk of unintended distributions that could leave the pet underfunded. Regular reviews ensure funding remains adequate as costs or circumstances change.
Selecting a caregiver and a trustee are central decisions. The caregiver should be someone who is willing and able to provide daily attention, transportation to veterinary appointments, and emotional support for the pet. Alternates should be named if the primary caregiver becomes unavailable. The trustee should be reliable in managing funds, paying bills, and keeping records; this role can be held by a trusted individual or an institution depending on complexity and available resources. When choosing these roles consider proximity, availability, and temperament. Discuss the responsibilities and compensation with the chosen parties before naming them in the trust to confirm their willingness. Clear documentation of duties, including medical authorization and reimbursement procedures, reduces uncertainty and helps the trustee and caregiver work together effectively for the pet’s benefit.
Whether a pet trust can be modified depends on the trust type. Revocable pet trusts can be changed during your lifetime to reflect new preferences, caregiver changes, or funding adjustments. Making modifications while you are capable of understanding and communicating your wishes ensures the trust continues to meet your pet’s needs. If the trust becomes irrevocable upon your death, changes are generally not possible, so it is essential to plan ahead and keep documents updated while you have decision-making capacity. Regular reviews of the trust, especially after major life events, help keep the document current. If circumstances change, consult with counsel to determine whether amendments, restatements, or new instruments are appropriate. Clear communication with caregivers and trustees about intended updates reduces the risk of confusion and helps preserve the continuity of care for the pet.
Pet trusts typically include provisions for what should happen to remaining funds after the pet’s death. Owners often name remainder beneficiaries—such as family members, friends, or charitable organizations—that will receive any leftover assets. The trust can specify that funds be used to return the pet’s remains, create a memorial, or cover final veterinary expenses before distribution. Including these instructions prevents disputes and aligns final distributions with your wishes. Without clear remainder provisions, trust assets may become the subject of estate administration, which can create delays or unexpected distributions. Designating clear remainder beneficiaries and documenting any final wishes ensures that remaining funds are handled efficiently and in accordance with your intentions. This planning step provides closure and ensures resources are used in a manner that reflects your values.
Care instructions in a pet trust should be as detailed as necessary to ensure consistent daily routines and appropriate medical treatment. Include specifics such as feeding schedules, portion sizes, medications and dosages, exercise routines, behavioral considerations, preferred veterinarians, and any allergies or chronic conditions. The more precise the instructions, the easier it is for caregivers to follow your preferences and maintain the pet’s quality of life. At the same time, allow for reasonable flexibility to address unforeseen circumstances. Include guidance for emergency decisions and designate whether the caregiver needs prior approval from the trustee or a veterinarian for major interventions. Combining detailed routine instructions with contingency protocols helps caregivers make timely, informed choices in the pet’s best interest.
A pet trust can accommodate multiple pets and address varying medical needs by including separate funding allocations, caregiving arrangements, and schedules. You can specify whether pets should remain together or be cared for separately, and provide instructions tailored to each animal’s medical history and temperament. When multiple pets are covered, the trust should include clear budgeting and disbursement rules to avoid conflicts and ensure each pet receives necessary care. For animals with special medical needs, include detailed treatment plans, veterinary contacts, and authorizations for necessary procedures. Consider provisions for ongoing therapies, specialized diets, or behavioral programs, and outline how to prioritize care if resources are limited. Thoughtful drafting anticipates diverse needs and preserves consistency in the animals’ care over time.
A pet trust can be integrated with a will or a revocable living trust to create a cohesive estate plan. For many clients, placing pet provisions within a broader revocable trust simplifies administration and consolidates asset management. Alternatively, a standalone pet trust can be funded by a pour-over will that transfers assets into the trust at death. Coordinating beneficiary designations, pour-over mechanisms, and trust funding instructions is essential to avoid unintended results and ensure the pet receives intended support. Working with counsel ensures that all documents align and that funding mechanisms operate as planned. This coordination prevents gaps between instruments and helps ensure that pets are protected during incapacity as well as after an owner’s death. Regular review ensures alignment as financial circumstances or relationships change.
Trustees typically manage funds rather than provide hands-on care, but the trust can grant them authority to make or approve medical decisions for the pet when necessary. The instrument can specify whether the trustee must obtain veterinary confirmation before authorizing major procedures, and whether the caregiver has primary responsibility for routine decisions. Clear delineation of decision-making authority helps prevent conflicts and ensures timely care, especially in emergencies when quick action may be needed. Including a procedure for dispute resolution or seeking a second medical opinion can help address disagreements between caregivers and trustees. The trust can also specify financial limits that allow caregivers to act quickly for urgent, low-cost treatments while requiring trustee approval for substantial expenditures. These measures balance responsiveness with financial oversight for the pet’s care.
To help ensure caregivers follow instructions and use funds properly, include reporting and accountability measures in the trust. Common provisions require receipts for major expenses, periodic veterinary statements, or annual reports to a designated reviewer. You can also outline allowable expenses and spending limits to guide caregivers and trustees. Including clear processes for reimbursement and documentation reduces uncertainty and encourages responsible administration of resources. Open communication and pre-planning are equally important. Share copies of the relevant documents with caregivers and trustees, provide a packet of veterinary records and medication instructions, and discuss expectations before the trust becomes active. These proactive steps foster understanding and cooperation so the caregiver can confidently follow your wishes while using funds appropriately for the pet’s needs.
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