Planning for a beloved animal companion is an important part of estate planning for many families in Colton and San Bernardino County. A pet trust provides a legal framework to ensure ongoing care, designate caregivers, and set aside funds for routine and emergency veterinary needs. Our firm helps clients design pet trust provisions that reflect their pet’s daily needs, medical requirements, and lifestyle. We work with pet owners to clarify responsibilities, create fallback caregiver arrangements, and establish clear instructions for veterinary care while aligning the pet trust with the larger estate plan.
A properly drafted pet trust reduces uncertainty and helps prevent disputes among family members after an owner’s death or incapacity. Pet trusts can include directions for feeding, medical care, grooming, exercise, and end-of-life decisions, and they can appoint a trustee to manage funds earmarked for the animal’s care. In Colton, pet owners often combine pet trust provisions with revocable living trusts or pour-over wills to maintain continuity of care. We tailor each plan to reflect the pet’s expected lifespan, the owner’s financial resources, and the selected caregiver’s willingness to assume responsibility.
A pet trust ensures that your animal companion receives consistent care according to your wishes while providing a clear financial mechanism to pay for that care. In addition to naming a caregiver and trustee, a pet trust can set aside funds for routine veterinary care, emergency treatment, and any special needs the animal may have. This approach reduces the risk of pets entering shelters or being cared for in a manner inconsistent with their owner’s preferences. For Colton residents, clear legal documents bring peace of mind and protect the well-being of animals when owners can no longer make decisions.
Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides estate planning services statewide with a focus on practical, personalized solutions for families and their pets. Our attorneys bring years of experience helping clients in San Jose, Colton, and throughout California craft trust documents, wills, and directives that align with personal values and legal requirements. We prioritize clear communication and collaborative planning so clients understand how pet trust provisions integrate with the rest of their estate plan. Our goal is to deliver durable, understandable documents that protect pets and simplify transitions for caregivers.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that sets aside funds and instructions for the ongoing care of an animal companion. The document typically names a caregiver to provide day-to-day care and a trustee to manage the funds dedicated to that care. Pet trusts can be standalone or incorporated into broader estate planning documents like revocable living trusts or pour-over wills. They should include details about feeding, medical needs, preferred veterinarians, and contingency plans if the primary caregiver becomes unavailable. Clear drafting helps prevent misinterpretation and ensures that funds are used as intended.
In California, pet trusts are recognized and enforceable when properly structured, allowing an owner to designate funds for the lifelong care of a pet and to name someone to oversee the pet’s welfare. Important choices include deciding how much money to allocate, under what circumstances funds may be disbursed, and how to handle the pet’s final arrangements. A well-prepared pet trust will balance practical funding with flexibility, offering guidance to caregivers while protecting the animal’s interests. For Colton residents, we help translate personal preferences into legally effective and humane provisions.
A pet trust is a legal tool that creates enforceable instructions and financial support for a companion animal after an owner’s death or incapacity. It names a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide daily care, and it sets out permissible uses of the trust assets. Pet trusts can specify routine care, emergency medical attention, and instructions for long-term housing or rehoming if necessary. By defining responsibilities and funding, a pet trust helps ensure animals receive stable care that matches their owner’s preferences and reduces stress for family members asked to step in.
Effective pet trusts typically include clear caregiver and trustee appointments, a funding plan, detailed care instructions, and fallback arrangements. The trust should identify who is authorized to make veterinary decisions, how funds will be distributed, and under what conditions the trust terminates. It may also name a successor caregiver and trustee in case the primary choices are unable to serve. Properly documenting these elements helps avoid disputes and ensures continuity of care. We work with clients to craft practical, realistic instructions tailored to their pet’s specific needs and their available resources.
Understanding common terms makes it easier to evaluate pet trust options and to communicate your wishes clearly. The glossary below covers terms such as trustee, caregiver, funding, and termination conditions, explaining how each concept affects the trust’s operation and the pet’s welfare. Knowing these definitions helps clients make informed choices about funding levels, trustee powers, and caregiver responsibilities. We explain the legal implications of each term and how they work together to create a durable plan for your pet’s future.
A trustee is the person or entity responsible for managing funds set aside in the pet trust and for disbursing money according to the owner’s instructions. Trustee duties include overseeing financial resources, paying for agreed-upon expenses such as veterinary bills, and keeping records of expenditures. The trustee may be different from the caregiver and should be someone capable of handling financial responsibilities and communicating with the caregiver. Selecting a trustee involves balancing trustworthiness, financial acumen, and the ability to carry out the owner’s directions faithfully.
A caregiver is the individual who provides daily care, companionship, and veterinary attention for the animal. This person follows the owner’s instructions regarding feeding, exercise, medication, and routine care. The caregiver should be someone willing and able to assume responsibility, and the trust should provide clear instructions for the caregiver’s duties and any reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses. Caregiver compensation and backup plans are important components to discuss so the pet’s daily needs remain met even if circumstances change.
Funding refers to the assets designated to support the pet’s care, which may come from a trust account, a dedicated portion of an estate, or regular disbursements to a caregiver. Funding methods should be realistic and consider anticipated veterinary costs, boarding, grooming, and potential emergencies. The amount and management approach can vary depending on the pet’s expected lifespan, health history, and owner resources. Proper funding instructions clarify how funds will be accessed and used, helping ensure the pet’s needs are met over time.
Termination conditions describe when the pet trust ends and what happens to any remaining funds at that time. Common termination triggers include the pet’s death or a designated future date. The trust documents should state whether leftover funds pass to named beneficiaries, charities, or are used for the caregiver’s efforts. Clear termination rules prevent confusion and provide guidance for the final disposition of funds once the animal’s needs have concluded, ensuring the owner’s broader estate planning goals are respected.
Pet owners can choose between pet trusts, informal caregiving arrangements, or including instructions in a will. Informal approaches may rely on goodwill but offer limited legal protection and funding controls. A pet trust provides a formal structure that combines designated funds with enforceable instructions. Including pet care plans in a revocable living trust or will can also be effective when coordinated with funding mechanisms. We help clients weigh the flexibility, enforceability, and cost of each option to determine the best path for protecting their animal companion.
A limited approach may suit owners whose pets require modest, short-term care or when a trusted friend or family member is committed to ongoing support. If expected veterinary needs are minimal and the caregiver is financially able to assume care without reimbursement, drafting a straightforward written instruction and a modest gift can be sufficient. In such cases, the owner should still clearly document preferences and provide contact information for the caregiver and veterinarian to avoid confusion and to protect the animal’s continuity of care in Colton and beyond.
When a pet owner has a reliable caregiver who is willing to accept custody and cover routine expenses, a less formal arrangement executed alongside other estate documents may be acceptable. The owner should still create written instructions and a small monetary gift to support initial needs and create clarity. It is important to communicate clearly with the caregiver and to name alternatives in case plans change. Even for informal arrangements, documenting preferences and emergency contacts helps protect the animal’s welfare and reduces stress for all involved.
A comprehensive pet trust is often necessary when an animal has ongoing medical conditions, special dietary needs, or anticipated long-term care requirements that will require consistent funding. Owners whose animals need regular medication, therapy, or specialized veterinary attention benefit from formal funding and detailed instructions. A well-drafted trust ensures that these ongoing needs are addressed without placing an unexpected financial burden on a caregiver, and it provides mechanisms for the trustee to manage funds and authorize appropriate medical decisions in line with the owner’s preferences.
When caregiver availability is uncertain or the owner wants to plan for contingencies far into the future, a comprehensive pet trust provides durable solutions. Naming successor caregivers and trustees, setting clear rules for fund distribution, and including medical directives help ensure continuity of care even if primary choices are unable or unwilling to serve. For owners with significant assets or complex estate plans, integrating pet trust provisions into broader trust arrangements avoids gaps and ensures the pet’s needs are treated consistently with other estate objectives.
A comprehensive pet trust gives owners confidence that funds will be available and used as intended for a pet’s care. It clarifies roles and responsibilities, reduces family disputes, and allows owners to specify detailed instructions for health care, diet, exercise, and social needs. By creating a structured funding mechanism and appointing a trustee, owners can ensure that routine and emergency expenses are handled appropriately. This approach is particularly valuable for animals with special medical needs or for owners who want to relieve family members of decision-making burdens during stressful times.
Comprehensive pet trusts also make it clearer how remaining funds should be distributed when a pet passes away, reducing uncertainty over leftover assets and fulfilling the owner’s charitable or family intentions. Clear termination clauses, contingency caregiver plans, and documentation of preferred veterinarians help the caregiver and trustee act quickly and confidently. For Colton residents, these arrangements integrate with local veterinary networks and estate plans to provide a practical, humane plan for companion animals that aligns with an owner’s broader legacy.
Allocating funds through a pet trust ensures resources are available to cover medical care, grooming, boarding, and other necessary expenses throughout an animal’s life. A trustee can manage distributions to match the pet’s evolving needs, helping avoid sudden financial strain on caregivers. This structure is particularly helpful for pets with chronic conditions or those that may require expensive procedures. By specifying how funds are to be used and accounted for, owners provide both practical support and accountability, making it easier for caregivers to focus on the animal’s welfare rather than financial logistics.
Detailed instructions in a pet trust reduce ambiguity about feeding schedules, medical treatment preferences, and end-of-life decisions. When both caregiver and trustee understand their respective roles, coordination becomes simpler and less stressful. Clear documentation also protects the owner’s wishes from misinterpretation and helps ensure that funds are used appropriately. For pets in Colton and the surrounding region, this clarity supports consistent care across vet visits, boarding stays, and daily routines, allowing caregivers to follow a plan that honors the owner’s intentions.
Selecting the right caregiver and trustee is a foundational step when creating a pet trust. The caregiver should be someone comfortable with the pet’s routine and willing to assume day-to-day responsibility, while the trustee should be able to manage funds and handle financial tasks. It is often helpful to discuss expectations openly with both individuals so they understand the owner’s wishes and the level of commitment required. Naming alternative caregivers and trustees provides contingency planning, ensuring that the pet’s care continues uninterrupted if primary choices are unavailable.
Provide detailed written instructions about feeding routines, medications, exercise, favorite toys, and preferred veterinarians to make transitions easier for a new caregiver. Include medical records and information on allergies or chronic conditions so the caregiver and attending veterinarian have the full context. Explicit guidance on end-of-life preferences can also help make difficult decisions easier when the time comes. Well-documented daily routines and medical preferences reduce stress for the animal and the caregiver and help ensure consistent, compassionate care.
Establishing a pet trust protects your companion from uncertainty and provides a plan for consistent care if you become incapacitated or pass away. It reduces the chance that loved ones will face difficult financial or logistical decisions without guidance. A pet trust also gives you control over veterinary choices, funding, and who will assume care, creating clarity and reducing family disputes. For Colton residents, a pet trust helps maintain continuity with local veterinarians and boarding facilities, ensuring pets continue to receive familiar care and attention.
Beyond immediate care, a pet trust supports long-term planning by allowing owners to allocate funds, name successor caregivers, and specify instructions for end-of-life arrangements. This legal structure protects the owner’s wishes and offers reassurance that pets will not become a burden on family members unexpectedly. Whether your pet has special medical needs or you simply want to ensure consistent, loving care, creating a pet trust aligned with your broader estate plan provides clarity, dignity, and practical support for the animal you love.
Pet trusts are particularly useful when owners travel frequently, have complex family dynamics, or own animals with specialized medical needs. They are also important for older owners who want to ensure their pets are cared for if they become unable to make decisions. Additionally, pet trusts can provide solutions when pets require ongoing medications or therapies that are costly. In these circumstances, a pet trust offers structure and funding to maintain the animal’s care, preventing abrupt changes in routine and helping caregivers meet obligations with financial support.
Older pet owners often prioritize arrangements that protect their companion animals in the event of declining health. A pet trust can be tailored to provide for the pet’s needs for the remainder of its life, naming trusted caregivers, and funding ongoing veterinary care. Planning in advance reduces stress for family members and ensures that pets do not face sudden rehoming. For Colton families, early planning helps integrate pet care plans with broader estate and healthcare directives, offering peace of mind about the animal’s future stability and comfort.
Pets with chronic conditions or those requiring repeated treatments benefit significantly from the structure of a pet trust. The trust allows owners to allocate resources and provide instructions for routine and emergency care, ensuring continuity even when caregivers change. By specifying preferred veterinarians, medication regimens, and financial arrangements, a pet trust makes it more likely that the animal’s medical needs will be met consistently. This planning reduces the risk that medical care will be delayed due to funding or decision-making issues.
When family relationships are strained or caregiver availability is uncertain, a pet trust provides a legally enforceable plan that clarifies responsibilities and funding. Naming a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide daily care removes ambiguity and reduces the potential for conflict. The trust can also specify backup caregivers and detailed instructions to guide transitions. This legal clarity is particularly helpful in avoiding contentious disputes and ensuring the pet’s welfare remains the top priority amid changing family circumstances.
We serve clients in Colton and San Bernardino County with tailored pet trust planning that integrates into broader estate plans like revocable living trusts, wills, and powers of attorney. Our attorneys help clients choose caregivers, determine funding levels, and craft written instructions covering medical care, daily routines, and final arrangements. We coordinate with local veterinary offices and can prepare contingency plans to ensure continuity of care. Home visits or virtual consultations are available to discuss your pet’s needs and create a practical, legally sound pet trust.
Our firm focuses on clear, compassionate estate planning that reflects personal priorities and legal requirements. We take time to learn about your pet’s daily routine, medical history, and your preferences for long-term care. This allows us to draft pet trust provisions that are both practical and enforceable, providing clear guidance for caregivers and trustees. By tailoring documents to your situation, we help prevent ambiguity and reduce the likelihood of disputes, so your animal companion receives the treatment and care you intend.
We assist with the full range of estate planning documents that often accompany a pet trust, such as revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, financial power of attorney, and health care directives. Integrating pet trust provisions into a comprehensive estate plan ensures consistent treatment of all your assets and wishes. Our approach includes thoughtful funding recommendations and coordination with family members or caregivers to ensure everyone understands their roles. This holistic planning minimizes gaps and helps ensure your pet receives continuous care under foreseeable circumstances.
Communication and practical planning are central to our service. We provide clear explanations of trustee and caregiver roles, help identify suitable funding mechanisms, and walk clients through contingencies. Our goal is to create documents that are durable and easy to follow, reducing stress on caregivers during transitions. By combining legal drafting with realistic, humane instructions, we help Colton pet owners create plans that honor their values and protect their animals for the long term.
Our process begins with a detailed consultation to discuss your pet’s needs, the caregiver options, and your estate planning goals. We gather relevant medical records, discuss funding strategies, and identify who will serve as trustee and caregiver. After drafting the initial trust provisions, we review the plan with you to ensure clarity and alignment with your wishes before finalizing documents. We also coordinate execution and provide guidance on integrating the pet trust with other estate planning instruments to ensure a seamless plan.
The first phase focuses on collecting information about the pet’s routine, health status, and your preferences for care. We also discuss potential caregivers and funding options, and we review your broader estate plan to ensure compatibility. During this stage, we outline the legal mechanisms available and recommend practical approaches tailored to your goals. Clear documentation and open conversation at the outset help shape a durable pet trust that meets both your pet’s needs and your estate planning priorities.
We ask about the pet’s daily habits, medical history, dietary requirements, and behavioral considerations to build a clear profile. Understanding these details helps determine appropriate funding levels and caregiving expectations. We also explore potential caregivers, their willingness to assume responsibility, and any compensation arrangements. This information shapes the trust’s specific instructions and contingency plans, ensuring the document is practical and reflects real-world caregiving scenarios in Colton and beyond.
We review any existing wills, trusts, or directives to align pet trust provisions with your overall estate plan. This step ensures that funding sources and beneficiary designations work together and that there are no conflicting instructions. When appropriate, we recommend amendments or integrations so the pet trust functions smoothly alongside revocable living trusts or pour-over wills. Coordinating these documents helps prevent unintended consequences and supports a unified approach to asset distribution and care planning.
In the drafting phase, we translate your instructions into clear, enforceable trust provisions that specify caregiver duties, trustee powers, funding arrangements, and termination conditions. We craft language that gives practical guidance for daily care, emergency medical decisions, and the handling of leftover funds. Drafting also addresses recordkeeping expectations and reporting requirements to the trustee. Our aim is to produce documents that reduce ambiguity and are easy for caregivers and trustees to implement when needed.
We include precise language about how trust funds will be accessed and used, for example by outlining categories of permissible expenses and how to document expenditures. The trust can also set timelines for disbursements, require receipts for large expenses, and provide guidance for managing leftover funds. These provisions help trustees act consistently with the owner’s intentions and protect the pet’s financial support throughout its remaining life.
The trust names a primary caregiver and successor caregivers, along with the trustee and successor trustees, to ensure continuity. We draft clear appointment clauses and acceptance procedures so that an appointed caregiver can formally accept responsibility. By naming successors and creating a straightforward acceptance process, the trust minimizes delays in transferring care and helps preserve the pet’s routine during transitions.
After finalizing documents, we assist with signing and proper execution to ensure legal effectiveness. We provide copies for caregivers and trustees, and offer guidance on funding the trust, such as transferring assets or designating funds within a larger trust. We also recommend periodic reviews to adjust provisions as circumstances change, such as changes in the pet’s health or caregiver availability. Ongoing communication ensures the trust continues to serve the pet’s best interests over time.
We advise on practical steps to fund the pet trust, which may include transferring assets, designating a portion of an estate, or creating a payout schedule. Proper funding ensures that the trustee has access to resources when needed and that caregivers are reimbursed for allowable expenses. We help coordinate with financial institutions or with other trust documents to avoid gaps and to confirm that the chosen funding method aligns with the owner’s broader estate plan.
Life changes such as the pet’s aging, health developments, or shifts in caregiver availability can affect the suitability of trust provisions. We recommend regular reviews and updates to ensure the trust remains aligned with current circumstances. Revisiting funding levels, caregivers, and medical instructions helps maintain the plan’s effectiveness and prevents potential disputes. Staying proactive with updates protects the pet and preserves the owner’s intent as situations evolve.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that provides for the care and maintenance of a companion animal by setting aside funds and instructions to be followed if the owner cannot care for the pet. The trust typically names a caregiver to provide day-to-day care and a trustee to manage the trust funds. The trust document outlines permissible uses of the funds, caregiving duties, and contingency plans for successor caregivers and trustees to ensure continuous care. Including medical, dietary, and daily routine information helps caregivers follow the owner’s wishes accurately. Owners should consider how the pet trust integrates with other estate planning tools, such as a revocable living trust or pour-over will, to ensure funding and execution align with overall estate goals. Clear funding instructions and appointment clauses help prevent delays and disputes. Consulting with an attorney to draft enforceable language ensures the trust complies with California law and reflects the owner’s preferences, ultimately protecting the animal’s well-being.
Determining the appropriate funding level for a pet trust depends on the animal’s current and anticipated needs, including routine care, grooming, boarding, and potential medical treatments. Consider the pet’s age, breed-related health concerns, and any existing conditions that may require ongoing treatment. Reviewing typical veterinary costs in the Colton area and adding a buffer for emergencies helps create a realistic funding plan. The trustee can be instructed to manage disbursements prudently to cover expected expenses over the pet’s remaining life. Owners often allocate a lump sum, a percentage of the estate, or recurring disbursements from a larger trust to provide the necessary funds. Clear rules on allowable expenses and documentation requirements for reimbursements help trustees and caregivers use funds as intended. Periodic reviews of the funding level can ensure the trust remains adequate as costs or the pet’s needs change over time.
Naming a family member as caregiver while providing funds through a pet trust is common and can be an effective arrangement. The caregiver assumes daily responsibilities while the trustee manages financial resources and disburses funds for allowable expenses. It is important to document expectations regarding compensation, reimbursement procedures, and the types of expenses that the trust will cover to avoid misunderstandings. Clear written instructions and accepted accounting practices help maintain transparency and trust between the caregiver and trustee. When a family member serves as caregiver, consider naming alternative caregivers and setting guidelines for acceptance of responsibility. This ensures continuity if the primary caregiver is unable to continue. Including medical records and veterinarian contact information also supports a smooth transition and helps the family member provide consistent care aligned with the owner’s wishes.
A pet trust should specify what happens to any remaining funds after the pet’s death. Common options include distributing leftover assets to named family members, donating funds to an animal welfare charity, or using them to compensate the caregiver for extraordinary services. Clearly stated termination provisions and distribution instructions prevent disputes over residual funds. The trust should also define whether final veterinary expenses and memorial arrangements are to be taken from the trust prior to distribution of remaining assets. Including explicit distribution directions reduces ambiguity and ensures the owner’s broader intentions are honored. If the owner wishes to leave remaining funds to a charity, choosing a reputable organization and detailing the gift helps trustees carry out the direction without delay. Consulting with an attorney ensures the termination provisions comply with California law and effectively transfer remaining assets as intended.
Yes, pet trusts are recognized and enforceable in California when properly drafted. California law provides mechanisms that allow owners to create trusts for the care of their companion animals, including naming trustees, funding arrangements, and setting enforceable instructions. The trust must be clear in its purpose and terms, and it should designate how funds are to be managed and disbursed. Including accountability measures such as reporting requirements can help ensure trust provisions are honored. To ensure enforceability, it is advisable to draft the pet trust with clear language and sound funding methods, and to coordinate the trust with other estate planning documents. Working with an attorney who understands trust mechanics in California helps avoid pitfalls and supports effective implementation of the owner’s wishes for their pet’s long-term care.
Choosing a trustee and caregiver involves evaluating trustworthiness, financial responsibility, availability, and willingness to commit to the pet’s long-term needs. The trustee should be capable of managing funds, keeping records, and communicating with the caregiver. The caregiver should be familiar with the pet’s routine, willing to provide day-to-day care, and prepared to follow medical and dietary instructions. Discussing responsibilities with potential appointees before naming them helps ensure acceptance and reduce surprises later on. Naming successors for both roles provides contingency planning, and including clear acceptance procedures in the trust can streamline transitions. Consider proximity to the pet, prior caregiving experience, and the personal relationship between the pet and the caregiver when making appointments. These considerations help ensure continuity of care under various circumstances.
A pet trust can be standalone or incorporated into a revocable living trust, depending on the owner’s broader estate planning strategy. Incorporating pet trust provisions into an existing living trust can simplify funding and administration when the owner already holds assets in that trust. A pour-over will can also funnel assets into a living trust upon the owner’s death. The best approach depends on funding preferences, administrative simplicity, and how the owner wishes to coordinate care instructions with other estate directives. When integrating a pet trust into a broader trust, it is important to clearly identify which assets are allocated for the pet and to include specific instructions for disbursements and trustee powers. Coordination avoids conflicts between documents and ensures that funds intended for the pet are available and used appropriately, supporting consistent care over the animal’s lifetime.
Include clear directives about medical care, including preferred veterinarians, vaccination and medication regimens, emergency contacts, and instructions regarding major medical procedures or end-of-life decisions. Specify whether the caregiver or trustee has authority to consent to surgery or to pursue certain treatments, and indicate any limits on expensive interventions. Detailed medical instructions help caregivers and veterinarians act in ways that reflect the owner’s values and the pet’s well-being, reducing uncertainty during emergencies. Providing copies of medical records, a list of current medications, and contact information for the primary veterinarian streamlines care and supports informed decision-making. Also consider including instructions for pain management, hospice care preferences, and any behavioral therapies that benefit the pet. Clear documentation helps ensure consistent, humane treatment throughout the animal’s life.
Review your pet trust periodically, especially after major life events such as relocation, changes in caregiver availability, alterations in your financial situation, or significant shifts in your pet’s health. Regular reviews ensure funding remains adequate, appointed caregivers and trustees are still willing and able to serve, and instructions reflect current realities. For many owners, a review every few years is reasonable; however, any time circumstances change markedly, an immediate update is advisable to maintain the plan’s effectiveness. Updating documents helps prevent gaps in care and aligns the trust with current veterinary practices and costs. Keeping contact information, medical records, and funding details current makes it easier for trustees and caregivers to implement the plan without delay. Proactive maintenance protects your pet and preserves the integrity of your estate plan.
Yes, you can direct leftover funds or a portion of trust assets to an animal welfare charity or rescue organization after your pet’s death. Naming a recognized charitable organization and specifying the intended use of the funds helps ensure your posthumous wishes are carried out. Be mindful to select an organization with a clear mission and reliable reputation, and consider whether local rescues or national organizations best reflect your values. Including alternate charity choices can provide flexibility if your first choice no longer exists. When naming a charity, include clear instructions about any conditions on the gift and whether the trustee should seek reimbursement for final expenses before making the charitable distribution. Consulting with an attorney helps ensure the charitable gift is structured properly within the trust and is legally enforceable under California law.
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