A pet trust can ensure your companion animals are cared for if you are no longer able to provide for them. In Lucerne Valley and throughout San Bernardino County, a properly drafted pet trust sets aside funds, names a caregiver and trustee, and outlines care instructions tailored to your animals’ needs. The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman assists clients with establishing pet trusts that work alongside other estate planning documents such as revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, and powers of attorney. This page explains how a pet trust functions, what to consider when creating one, and how it fits into a comprehensive plan to protect your pets’ future.
Creating a pet trust requires thoughtful choices about the amount of funds to allocate, the person who will care for your animal, and the person who will manage the trust assets. In California, pet trusts can be flexible and durable if drafted with clear instructions and contingencies. Our team helps Lucerne Valley residents evaluate care costs, designate alternates for caregivers and trustees, and coordinate the trust with other documents like HIPAA authorizations and guardianship nominations. Whether you own a dog, cat, bird, or small mammal, planning ahead gives you confidence that your pet’s needs will be met according to your wishes and local laws.
A pet trust provides a legal mechanism to protect animals by allocating funds and instructions specifically for their care. Without a trust, animals can become part of general estate distribution, which may leave caregivers without the resources to provide for long-term care. Pet trusts can direct funds for food, veterinary care, grooming, boarding, and other needs while naming a caregiver and a trustee to manage the money. For Lucerne Valley pet owners, a pet trust also reduces uncertainty for family members and ensures that your animals remain in an environment consistent with your wishes, improving the likelihood of continuity of care after you are gone or incapacitated.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman assists clients in San Jose, Lucerne Valley, and throughout California with estate planning matters that include pet trusts. Our approach focuses on clear, practical documents that reflect each client’s goals. We help gather the information needed to estimate ongoing care costs, advise on suitable trustees and caregivers, and prepare related estate documents such as revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, and powers of attorney. Clients appreciate straightforward guidance on how pet trusts interact with other planning tools and how to incorporate special provisions like pet care instructions or Heggstad petitions when necessary.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that dedicates funds and directions to the ongoing care of an animal after an owner’s death or incapacity. In California, pet trusts can be established within a standalone trust instrument or as part of a larger estate plan, and they typically name a caregiver and a trustee to distribute funds according to the owner’s instructions. Key considerations include estimating lifetime care costs, identifying alternates in case chosen caregivers cannot serve, and clarifying how and when funds will be distributed. Pet trusts can be tailored to last for an animal’s lifetime and provide instructions for emergency care, housing arrangements, and veterinary preferences.
When setting up a pet trust, it is important to coordinate the trust with other documents such as a will, power of attorney, and advance health care directive to ensure consistent guidance under different circumstances. The trustee has fiduciary duties to manage assets for the pet’s benefit, so selecting someone trustworthy and capable of handling financial responsibilities is important. Pet trusts can also include backup plans for rehoming if necessary and specify how any remaining funds should be distributed once the pet passes. Proper drafting reduces the likelihood of disputes and makes it easier for caregivers to follow your wishes.
A pet trust is designed to fund and direct the care of one or more companion animals after the owner can no longer provide for them. It sets aside specific assets and gives instructions about how those assets are used for the animal’s food, medical treatment, housing, medication, grooming, boarding, and any other defined needs. The document names a caregiver to care for the pet and a trustee to manage the trust funds. Pet trusts may also contain contingencies for caregiver changes, provisions for funds leftover after the animal dies, and directions about special treatments or conditions. Clear language in the trust helps avoid confusion and supports consistent care.
Establishing a pet trust involves several key steps: deciding which pets will be included, estimating lifetime costs, naming a caregiver and trustee, and drafting clear instructions for care and contingencies. The process typically begins with a consultation to assess your animal’s needs and financial resources, followed by drafting the trust document and related estate papers. You will need to consider funding sources, whether through a separate trust account or by allocating assets within a broader estate plan. Once signed, the trustee will have responsibilities for managing funds and making distributions according to the trust terms, so careful selection and communication are important.
Understanding the common terms used in pet trust planning can make the process smoother. Important concepts include caregiver, trustee, funding, pour-over will, and contingency provisions. The caregiver is the person who will provide day-to-day care for the animal, while the trustee manages financial assets set aside for that care. Funding refers to the assets allocated to support the pet over its lifetime. A pour-over will funnels assets into a trust at death, and contingencies address what happens if a chosen caregiver or trustee cannot serve. Clear definitions help avoid misunderstandings and make the plan easier to implement.
Caregiver refers to the individual who will assume day-to-day care responsibilities for your pet according to the trust’s instructions. This person is expected to follow your care preferences for feeding, exercise, grooming, veterinary visits, and housing arrangements. While the caregiver provides hands-on care, they may not manage the trust funds unless also named as trustee. Many owners name a family member, friend, or trusted neighbor as caregiver, and often name alternates to handle situations where the primary caregiver is unable or unwilling to serve. Clear written instructions and communication between owner, caregiver, and trustee help ensure smooth transitions.
Trustee is the person or institution responsible for managing the funds allocated to the pet trust and disbursing money to the caregiver in accordance with the trust terms. The trustee must act in the best interest of the pet, keep accurate records of expenditures, and follow the distribution schedule set by the owner. The trustee’s duties include investing trust assets prudently when appropriate, paying bills related to pet care, and communicating with the caregiver about needs and expenses. Selecting a trustee with reliability, financial organization, and willingness to work with caregivers is essential for effective trust administration.
Funding describes the assets set aside to pay for the pet’s care under the trust. Funding may come from cash, investments, insurance proceeds, or allocations from a larger estate plan. Accurate funding requires estimating the animal’s expected lifetime costs, including food, routine veterinary care, emergency treatment, grooming, and boarding. Owners should also consider inflation and potential long-term health needs. The trust document should specify how funds are to be used, whether caretakers receive fixed payments or reimbursement, and how any remaining funds will be handled after the pet’s death. Proper funding helps ensure durability and reliability of care.
Contingency provisions outline what happens if named caregivers or trustees cannot serve, or if unforeseen circumstances occur. These clauses name alternate caregivers and trustees, provide instructions for rehoming if necessary, and specify how to allocate remaining trust funds. Contingency planning also addresses issues such as temporary disability of the caregiver, relocation of the pet, or long-term medical needs that exceed anticipated costs. Clear contingencies reduce the risk of disputes and provide a roadmap for practical decision making, ensuring that the owner’s wishes are followed even when circumstances change.
Pet owners may consider several options for protecting animals, including naming a caregiver in a will, leaving money to a trusted person, or establishing a formal pet trust. Simply leaving funds to a person in a will can create uncertainty because the money becomes part of the probate estate and is not legally restricted to pet care. A pet trust provides stronger legal protection by directing how funds are used and naming a trustee to manage distributions. In some cases, a combination of tools works best: a pet trust for long-term funding and a pour-over will or trust to ensure assets are transferred consistently at the time of death.
A limited approach to pet planning may be adequate when care needs are modest and the likelihood of long-term changes is low. For example, younger, healthy pets with predictable care costs may be managed by a simple written letter of instruction paired with a small monetary gift to a trusted caregiver. In such situations, owners may choose to name a caregiver in their will and provide informal guidance for care preferences. However, even a limited approach benefits from clear written instructions and discussion with the chosen caregiver so they understand responsibilities and how to access funds if needed.
If a reliable family member or friend is already prepared to assume long-term care and is financially able to do so, a less formal plan might be reasonable. In those cases, owners may leave funds outright or provide a simple will-based bequest. Still, documenting care preferences and identifying alternates is valuable to avoid disagreements. Even when trust funds are not necessary, documenting instructions for veterinary care, behavioral needs, and housing can guide caregivers and prevent disputes among family members about the intended arrangements after the owner’s death or incapacity.
A comprehensive plan is often advisable when pets have complex health needs, expensive ongoing treatment, or when significant assets are set aside for their care. In such cases, a pet trust clarifies how funds should be managed, who will make medical decisions, and how to handle unexpected events. Comprehensive planning also addresses coordination with other estate documents and potential tax or probate considerations. For Lucerne Valley residents with multiple pets, chronic conditions, or special training or housing needs, a detailed trust helps ensure reliable long-term care and provides practical guidance for families and caregivers.
Owners who want firm legal assurances that funds will be used only for pet care and who prefer structured oversight benefit from a comprehensive pet trust administered by a trustee. A formal trust reduces the risk that funds will be diverted for other purposes and provides an enforceable framework for caregivers and trustees. Comprehensive services include drafting clear trust language, specifying distribution methods, setting up trustee reporting requirements, and naming alternates. For many owners, the added clarity and enforceability outweigh the additional drafting steps because they create peace of mind about their pets’ future.
A comprehensive pet trust offers multiple benefits: it protects funds intended for animal care, provides explicit instructions for medical and day-to-day needs, and reduces ambiguity for family members or caregivers. It also allows owners to name trusted fiduciaries to oversee finances and ensure funds are spent in accordance with the owner’s directions. Comprehensive planning helps avoid disputes by documenting preferences and naming alternates, and it coordinates pet care with the owner’s broader estate plan. These features are particularly valuable when long-term care costs are significant or when clear accountability is desired.
Another important benefit is the ability to tailor distributions and oversight to the pet’s expected lifespan and condition. Owners can establish schedules of payments, set reimbursement rules for expenses, and require reporting from trustees so spending remains transparent. This structure supports continuity of care and ensures that caregivers have the resources they need without bearing undue financial burden. For Lucerne Valley residents who wish to leave a lasting legacy for their animals, a comprehensive approach provides predictable, enforceable support that aligns with personal wishes and practical needs.
One major benefit of a comprehensive trust is financial security for the animal over its expected lifetime. Properly estimating care costs and funding the trust prevents caregivers from facing unexpected expenses. The trustee can manage investments prudently and make distributions tailored to the pet’s needs, such as monthly stipends or reimbursement for vet bills. This arrangement protects the caregiver from financial strain and helps ensure consistent care, especially for pets with long-term medical conditions. Financial planning within the trust offers stability and peace of mind for owners who want to safeguard their animal’s well-being.
A comprehensive trust reduces ambiguity by spelling out care routines, medical preferences, and fallback plans. When instructions are clear and legally binding, family members are less likely to disagree about the owner’s intentions. Naming a trustee and requiring periodic accounting creates transparency and accountability, helping caregivers and relatives follow the plan without second-guessing. By documenting contingencies and alternates, a comprehensive trust decreases the risk of disputes and provides a structured path to follow during a difficult time, which benefits both the pet and the people involved.
When drafting a pet trust, start by estimating realistic lifetime costs including food, routine and emergency veterinary care, medication, grooming, and boarding. Research local veterinary fees and talk with caregivers to gauge typical monthly needs. Consider the animal’s likely lifespan based on species and breed and factor in potential health issues that could increase expenses. Allow for inflation and unexpected treatments so the trust remains sustainable. A careful funding estimate helps prevent shortages and reduces the need for trustee intervention or additional family contributions later on.
Include specific care instructions in the trust that cover diet, exercise, medication schedules, veterinary providers, and any behavioral or environmental needs. Note preferences for boarding, microchipping, training, or socialization and provide contact information for current veterinarians. Detailed instructions reduce uncertainty and help caregivers maintain the animal’s normal routine. If special needs or medical conditions are present, include treatment plans and authorization for the caregiver to make medical decisions consistent with your wishes, and coordinate those instructions with a HIPAA authorization or medical power documents when relevant.
Pet trusts are a thoughtful way to preserve your animal’s quality of life after you are gone or incapacitated. If you rely on a specific caregiver or want to ensure a pet receives ongoing medical attention, a trust creates a clear mechanism to fund that care. Pet trusts also provide peace of mind by reducing the chance of disputes among family members over who should care for the animal, and by creating enforceable directives about long-term care and eventual rehoming. For many homeowners and renters in Lucerne Valley, the predictability a trust provides is an important part of broader estate planning.
Additionally, a pet trust can integrate with other estate planning tools to make administration smoother and more efficient. By coordinating a pet trust with a revocable living trust or pour-over will, you can streamline asset transfers and limit probate exposure. A trust can also designate how remaining funds are distributed when the pet dies, for example to a favorite charity or a family member. Consulting with an attorney helps ensure that the pet trust language is enforceable, tailored to local laws, and consistent with your overall estate strategy.
Pet trusts are commonly used when owners have multiple animals, animals with high medical needs, or limited family availability to cover long-term care costs. People who travel frequently, have homes in different locations, or who want to ensure continuity of special diets, medications, or training programs often choose a trust. Those with significant assets who want to ensure funds are used exclusively for pet care also find a trust helpful. For Lucerne Valley residents, pet trusts can provide security for animals if owners relocate, face extended medical issues, or want to formalize arrangements with distant caregivers.
When a pet requires ongoing medication, frequent veterinary visits, or specialized treatments, a pet trust ensures funds are available to meet those obligations. The trust can specify treatment protocols, preferred veterinarians, and reimbursement procedures so caregivers can obtain necessary care promptly. Funding should account for likely long-term medical expenses and potential crises. Clear documentation of medical needs and an established payment process reduce delays in care and help caregivers act swiftly without financial hesitation, preserving the pet’s health and comfort.
If you do not have an obvious family caregiver or the person you trust may face financial constraints, a pet trust can bridge the gap between caregiving duties and resources. Naming a caregiver together with a trustee who manages funds ensures that the selected person has support to care for the animal. The trust can also name alternates and include instructions for temporary fostering or rehoming if neither primary nor alternate caregivers are available. This planning avoids burdening someone who may be unwilling or unable to assume full financial responsibility for care.
Owners with multiple pets, or with pets that have complex social or housing needs, benefit from a plan that coordinates care across animals. A pet trust can allocate funds proportionately and provide caregiving instructions that maintain established group dynamics, feeding routines, and housing arrangements. It can also include contingencies for placing animals together or separately depending on caregiver capacity. For households where the logistics of caring for several animals could be challenging, clear planning avoids disruption and preserves the animals’ routines and well-being.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serves Lucerne Valley, San Bernardino County, and the broader California community with personalized estate planning services that include pet trusts. We work with clients to design plans that reflect current living arrangements and future needs, coordinate documents like revocable living trusts and pour-over wills, and ensure that caregiver and trustee appointments are practical and workable. Our office is available to discuss options by phone and to schedule consultations to review your pets’ specific needs and your estate planning goals, helping you make informed decisions with confidence.
Clients choose the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman because of our practical, detail-oriented approach to estate planning. We invest time learning about your pets, family dynamics, and financial situation to draft documents that address real-world needs. Our services include coordinating pet trusts with other estate instruments, preparing HIPAA authorizations, and advising on funding strategies so that caregivers have reliable access to resources. We prioritize clarity and usability in every document so the people you name can carry out your intentions with minimal confusion.
We emphasize communication and follow-through, helping clients identify caregivers and trustees, draft detailed care instructions, and set up reporting and payment structures within the trust. We also discuss alternatives like pour-over wills and provisions for remaining funds after a pet’s death. For residents of Lucerne Valley and surrounding areas, we provide guidance that reflects California law and local practicalities, ensuring documents are enforceable and tailored to your circumstances. Our goal is to help protect your pet through thoughtful planning and clear drafting.
Beyond document preparation, we assist with practical implementation issues such as titling and funding trust accounts, coordinating with financial institutions, and advising on how to communicate your plan to caregivers. We also prepare related documents like powers of attorney and advance health care directives to ensure consistent decision-making during incapacity. By addressing both legal language and real-life logistics, we help owners create arrangements that are workable, dependable, and aligned with their wishes for their pets’ comfort and care.
Our process begins with an initial consultation to learn about your pet’s routine, medical needs, and your objectives. We then recommend a tailored approach and draft documents that coordinate the pet trust with your overall estate plan. After you review and approve the draft, we finalize and execute the documents and advise on funding strategies. We remain available to answer questions and to make updates as circumstances change. Throughout the process, we focus on clear instructions and practical solutions so caregivers and trustees can implement your plan effectively.
During the initial meeting, we gather information about your pet, current caregiver arrangements, and financial resources you plan to allocate for care. We discuss preferences for medical treatment, housing, and daily routines, and identify possible trustees and alternates. This stage also involves reviewing existing estate documents to ensure consistency and exploring funding options such as trust accounts, designated funds, or allocations from a revocable living trust. The goal is to build a clear roadmap that informs the drafting process and funding strategy.
We review your pet’s health history, age, expected lifespan, and potential ongoing medical needs to estimate funding requirements. This includes calculating regular expenses for food and grooming, as well as likely veterinary and emergency care costs. We may consult with your veterinarian or review past bills to create a realistic funding estimate. Accurate assessment at this stage helps determine the appropriate level of funding and whether to include provisions for long-term medical conditions or special care arrangements in the trust.
We work with you to identify a primary caregiver and alternates, as well as a trustee to manage the funds. We discuss the roles and responsibilities of each person and recommend ways to balance emotional caregiving duties with financial oversight. Communication with the named individuals prior to finalizing documents helps confirm their willingness to serve and clarifies expectations. Naming alternates and including contingency instructions reduces the chance of disruption if primary choices become unavailable.
After planning, we draft the pet trust and any related documents, including funding instructions, caregiver and trustee responsibilities, and contingency plans. The draft is reviewed with you to ensure the language matches your intentions and is understandable to caregivers and trustees. We revise as needed to reflect specific preferences, and we coordinate the trust with your will or revocable living trust to make sure assets transfer smoothly. This step focuses on precision and clarity in the legal language to minimize future disputes.
We include detailed care instructions within the trust or as an attachment that caregivers can reference. These instructions cover diet, exercise routine, veterinary contacts, medication schedules, and any behavioral strategies. Clear written instructions ensure that caregivers understand your expectations and have actionable guidance for daily care. We also include authorization language that allows caregivers to make veterinary decisions within the parameters you set, helping them act quickly when treatment decisions must be made.
We advise on practical funding strategies, such as transferring cash or securities into a trust account, designating assets within a revocable living trust, or arranging payable-on-death accounts where appropriate. Our goal is to ensure that funds are accessible to the trustee and that the financial mechanics support prompt payment for care. Proper coordination helps avoid administrative delays, reduces probate exposure, and ensures caregivers receive timely support when expenses arise.
Once documents are finalized, we coordinate signatures, notarization, and any necessary recordings. We guide you through funding the trust and provide copies for caregivers and trustees. After execution, we remain available to answer questions, help with modifications when circumstances change, and assist with trust administration if needed. Periodic reviews are recommended to update funding, beneficiaries, or care instructions, ensuring the pet trust continues to reflect current circumstances and provides dependable support over time.
We supervise the signing and notarization process to ensure the trust is valid under California law and advise on how to fund the trust properly. Funding steps may include transferring assets to a trust account, updating beneficiary designations, or coordinating with financial institutions. Proper execution and funding are essential to ensure that the trustee has immediate access to resources for your pet’s care and that the trust functions as intended without unnecessary delays or legal complications.
We recommend periodic reviews of your pet trust to account for changes such as a new pet, changes in caregivers, evolving medical needs, or shifts in financial circumstances. Amending the trust is straightforward when done proactively and helps maintain alignment with your wishes. We can prepare updates to funding amounts, caregiver or trustee designations, and care instructions so that the trust remains practical and effective over the life of the pet and the owner.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that dedicates funds and instructions specifically for the care of an animal. Unlike leaving money directly to a person through a will, a pet trust creates a duty on the trustee to manage assets for the pet’s benefit and to distribute funds to the caregiver according to specified rules. This structure can prevent funds from being diverted for other uses and provides a clear framework for how money is to be spent and accounted for in service of the pet’s needs. Leaving funds outright to a caregiver without a trust may leave room for misunderstanding and offers no legal mechanism to ensure the funds are used exclusively for the pet. A pet trust is enforceable and provides accountability through trustee reporting and clear distribution instructions, which benefits both caregivers and owners seeking long-term protection for their animals.
A pet trust can be funded in several ways, including transferring cash or investment accounts into the trust, allocating assets within a revocable living trust, or coordinating beneficiary designations that funnel resources into the trust at the owner’s death. The chosen method should provide the trustee with accessible funds to cover ongoing care expenses such as food, veterinary treatment, and boarding. Funding should be sufficient to meet projected lifetime costs and consider potential emergency needs. Owners should work with an attorney to determine the most practical funding approach based on their overall estate plan. Proper titling and coordination with financial institutions are essential to ensure funds are available when the trustee must make distributions to the caregiver.
Choosing a caregiver and a trustee are two of the most important decisions in pet trust planning. The caregiver should be someone who understands and is willing to assume day-to-day responsibility for the animal, such as a family member, friend, or neighbor. The trustee should be a person or institution comfortable managing finances, keeping records, and distributing funds according to the trust’s terms. Sometimes owners select separate individuals for caregiving and financial oversight to balance responsibilities. It is helpful to discuss the plan with the named individuals ahead of time to confirm their willingness to serve. Naming alternates for both positions and including clear instructions in the trust can prevent gaps in care if the primary selections become unavailable or unable to serve.
Yes, you can include detailed medical instructions in a pet trust to guide veterinary care, medications, treatment preferences, and emergency decision-making. Including specifics such as preferred veterinarians, known allergies, required medication schedules, and acceptable treatment parameters helps caregivers and veterinarians act in accordance with your wishes. Detailed instructions reduce ambiguity and ensure the pet receives care consistent with your values and priorities. It is also useful to supplement the trust with a document that caregivers can carry, such as a medical summary or consent form, and to coordinate any authorization needed for veterinary providers to discuss treatment with caregivers. Clear documentation decreases delays and helps caregivers make timely decisions when urgent care is required.
Many pet trusts specify how any remaining funds should be distributed after the pet dies, and this is an important provision to include. Options include leaving leftover funds to a family member, a friend, or an animal welfare charity, or directing residual property into the owner’s primary estate plan. Specifying a distribution plan prevents confusion about residual funds and ensures your assets are allocated consistently with your broader wishes. If no direction is provided, remaining funds could become part of the trustee’s fiduciary obligations and potentially be distributed according to state law or court determination. To avoid unintended results, include clear language in the trust that states the intended recipient of any leftover funds following the pet’s death.
Pet trusts are recognized and enforceable in California, providing a clear legal mechanism to protect animals and allocate funds for their care. When drafted properly and funded correctly, a pet trust creates fiduciary responsibilities for the trustee and enforceable directives that caregivers and trustees must follow. Because of this enforceability, disputes over funds or care are less likely to arise and can be resolved with reference to written terms. To ensure enforceability, it is important to follow statutory requirements, properly execute the document, and fund the trust so the trustee has access to the assets intended for pet care. Working with an attorney helps ensure the trust meets legal standards and functions as intended.
Determining the amount to set aside for a pet trust depends on several factors including the animal’s expected lifespan, typical care costs, and potential medical needs. Start by estimating routine costs such as food, grooming, and boarding, then include likely veterinary expenses and a buffer for emergencies or chronic conditions. Research local veterinary fees in Lucerne Valley or nearby areas, and consider consulting your veterinarian to estimate long-term treatment costs for existing conditions. It is often wise to include a contingency amount for unexpected events and inflation. An attorney can help model different funding scenarios and recommend a suitable range based on your goals and financial resources, ensuring the trust remains practical and sustainable over time.
A pet trust can cover multiple animals and allocate funds proportionally or according to specific instructions for each pet. The trust document can name different caregivers for different animals, set separate budgets, or provide a single fund with distribution rules that reflect varying needs. Clearly identifying each animal and its needs in the trust helps prevent confusion and ensures fair treatment across multiple pets. When planning for multiple animals, consider whether preservation of group dynamics is important, how to handle inheritance if one animal dies before others, and whether separate subaccounts or scheduled distributions are appropriate. Thoughtful drafting ensures each animal receives suitable care under the overall plan.
You should review your pet trust regularly and update it after significant life changes, such as adding a new pet, moving, changes in health status of the pet or owner, or changes in caregiver or trustee availability. Periodic reviews every few years help ensure funding levels remain adequate and that instructions still reflect your wishes. Regular review is especially important when financial markets or veterinary costs change substantially. Updating the trust when circumstances change prevents gaps in care and ensures that your plan remains practical. Working with an attorney to make amendments or restate the trust ensures the changes are legally valid and properly implemented.
If your named caregiver cannot care for your pet when needed, properly drafted contingency provisions in the pet trust will name alternate caregivers and provide instructions for temporary arrangements or permanent rehoming. Including alternates reduces the risk of delays in finding suitable care and offers a clear sequence for how caregivers should be chosen. The trustee can use trust funds to support the alternate caregiver per the trust’s terms. Open communication with alternates and the trustee before finalizing the trust helps confirm their willingness to serve. The trust should also address interim care arrangements and provide guidance for situations where an immediate caregiver is required, ensuring a smooth transition for the pet.
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