A pour-over will works together with a living trust to ensure assets not transferred into the trust during life will be redirected into it at death. Many California families use a pour-over will as a safety net to capture any property that was inadvertently omitted from trust funding, including newly acquired items, personal effects, or accounts not retitled. For Los Osos residents, this document provides a clear path for transferring remaining assets into the trust, helping to streamline after-death administration and minimize the potential for conflict among heirs while preserving the overall estate plan devised by the settlor.
While a pour-over will does not avoid probate for assets it captures, it complements a living trust by ensuring that assets intended for the trust will ultimately be governed by its terms. The will names a personal representative to manage distribution of any probate assets and directs those assets to the trust. For families in San Luis Obispo County, this arrangement provides continuity between probate administration and trust management, enabling personal wishes to be followed and beneficiaries to receive assets according to the trust’s instructions after the necessary probate procedures are completed.
A pour-over will adds a measure of protection to a comprehensive estate plan by catching property that was not formally transferred into a living trust before death. It helps ensure that the settlor’s overall intentions are honored by directing any leftover probate assets into the trust, which then controls distribution. This approach reduces the chance that assets will be distributed contrary to the plan and provides beneficiaries with a single governing document—the trust—for ultimate allocations. For clients in Los Osos, using a pour-over will together with a trust supports orderly administration and complements other documents like powers of attorney and advance health directives.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides estate planning services to individuals and families throughout California, including Los Osos and San Luis Obispo County. Our attorneys focus on clear communication, careful document drafting, and practical guidance for integrating pour-over wills with trusts, powers of attorney, and health care directives. We aim to help clients create durable plans that address asset transfer, incapacity planning, and family considerations such as guardianship nominations. Our approach emphasizes thorough planning, timely updates, and hands-on support during administration and probate when needed.
A pour-over will is a testamentary instrument that functions primarily to transfer any probate assets into a preexisting trust after the testator’s death. It names a personal representative who administers any probate estate and provides instructions to distribute those assets to the trust. In practice, the will simplifies estate administration by ensuring that a trust, rather than multiple disparate bequests, controls final distribution. For Los Osos residents who maintain a living trust, a pour-over will acts as a backup mechanism to capture assets that were not retitled or transferred during the settlor’s lifetime.
Although assets transferred through a pour-over will still go through probate, the transfer directs those assets to the trust for distribution under the trust’s terms, which can preserve privacy and consistency in how assets are handled. Coupling a pour-over will with regular reviews of trust funding practices reduces the number of assets that must pass through probate. California residents should consider both the probate implications and practical administration steps when deciding how a pour-over will fits into a broader estate plan that includes powers of attorney and advance directives.
A pour-over will is a specific type of last will and testament that instructs the personal representative to ‘pour’ any probate assets into an existing trust upon death. It serves to funnel any property not previously placed in the trust into that trust so the trust’s provisions control ultimate distribution. The document typically names a trustee successor and confirms the testator’s intent for assets to be governed by the trust instrument. For individuals who use living trusts as the primary estate planning vehicle, the pour-over will provides reassurance that omitted property will still be handled according to the trust’s terms.
A valid pour-over will includes standard testamentary elements such as identification of the testator, revocation of prior wills, appointment of a personal representative, and instructions for distributing probate assets to a named trust. The probate process involves gathering assets, paying debts and taxes, and transferring remaining assets to the trust as directed by the will. Proper estate planning includes periodically checking that accounts and property are titled correctly so the number of probate assets is minimized. The will should coordinate with trust documents, powers of attorney, and health care directives to reflect current intentions.
This glossary defines common terms used when discussing pour-over wills and related estate planning tools. Understanding language like probate, trust funding, personal representative, trustee, and pour-over beneficiary helps clients make informed decisions. Clear definitions reduce confusion during administration and support smoother transfers of assets to a living trust. For Los Osos families, knowing these terms can improve conversations with attorneys and fiduciaries and ensure documents are drafted and maintained in a way that reflects family goals and legal requirements under California law.
Probate is the legal process through which a court supervises the administration of a deceased person’s assets, paying debts and distributing remaining property to heirs or designated beneficiaries. When a pour-over will directs assets to a trust, those assets still go through probate before being transferred to the trust. Probate timelines and costs vary depending on the estate size and complexity and whether disputes arise. For residents of Los Osos, understanding probate helps set expectations about timing and steps required to effectuate a pour-over transfer and complete estate administration under California law.
A personal representative, sometimes called an executor in other jurisdictions, is the individual appointed by a will to oversee probate administration. Responsibilities include locating assets, notifying creditors and beneficiaries, filing required court documents, paying valid debts and taxes, and ultimately transferring any remaining assets according to the will’s instructions. In the case of a pour-over will, the personal representative’s role includes transferring probate assets into the decedent’s trust. Choosing a trustworthy and capable personal representative is important for efficient probate administration and faithful adherence to the testator’s wishes.
Trust funding refers to the process of transferring ownership or title of assets into the name of a living trust so they bypass probate and are governed directly by the trust document. Common funding steps include retitling bank and investment accounts, transferring real property, and assigning beneficiary designations where applicable. Incomplete funding can result in assets remaining subject to probate and eventually being funneled through a pour-over will. Regular reviews and follow-up help ensure that newly acquired or retitled property is appropriately added to the trust to minimize probate administration.
A trustee is the person or entity responsible for managing the trust assets and carrying out the trust’s terms for the benefit of beneficiaries. The trustee has fiduciary duties including acting in beneficiaries’ best interests, managing assets prudently, and distributing property according to the trust document. After a pour-over will transfers probate assets into the trust, the trustee administers those assets consistent with the trust provisions. Selecting a reliable trustee and documenting their powers clearly can make post-death administration more efficient and reduce confusion among beneficiaries.
Choosing between relying primarily on a living trust, a will, or a combination depends on priorities such as privacy, probate avoidance, cost, and administrative convenience. Living trusts can reduce probate but require proactive funding of assets. Wills provide a fallback that applies to property not placed in a trust and can address guardianship nominations for minor children. A pour-over will specifically bridges the gap between a trust-based plan and probate assets. For many California families, combining a living trust with a pour-over will, powers of attorney, and health directives offers balanced protection while preserving flexibility and clarity for heirs.
For individuals with modest estates and straightforward beneficiary arrangements, a simple will may be sufficient to ensure property is distributed as intended. If assets are minimal and beneficiaries are clearly identified with limited potential for disputes, a will can provide a straightforward method of naming a personal representative and directing distributions. In such situations, the administrative overhead of establishing and funding a trust may outweigh the benefits. Nevertheless, California residents should still consider powers of attorney and health care directives to address incapacity, and review whether a pour-over will would offer additional protection for any assets that might be omitted.
When most assets transfer by beneficiary designation or jointly owned accounts that pass outside probate, a standalone will might handle the remainder without extensive trust planning. Retirement plans, life insurance, and payable-on-death accounts often bypass probate, making a full trust less necessary from an asset-transfer perspective. Still, pour-over wills can act as a safety net for any assets that unexpectedly end up in probate. Individuals in Los Osos should review all account beneficiary designations and titling to confirm that their chosen approach aligns with broader estate planning goals and family circumstances.
A comprehensive plan that combines a living trust and a pour-over will can limit public court involvement for the majority of assets, preserving privacy for families and beneficiaries. Trust administration is generally a private process, and assets already in the trust avoid probate. The pour-over will functions as a backup to capture assets that were unintentionally left out, routing them into the trust for consistent distribution. This integrated approach reduces the potential for conflicting outcomes and helps ensure that the settlor’s intentions are followed in a coordinated, manageable fashion for those administering the estate.
When family dynamics, blended families, multiple property holdings, or unique beneficiary arrangements exist, a trust-based plan coupled with a pour-over will can provide tailored mechanisms to manage distribution, contingencies, and guardianship nominations. Trusts allow more detailed terms governing distribution timing and conditions, while the pour-over will ensures any overlooked probate assets are brought under the trust’s direction. For residents of San Luis Obispo County facing such complexities, integrating different estate planning documents helps reduce ambiguity and offers clearer instructions to fiduciaries and family members.
Combining a living trust with a pour-over will provides redundancy and cohesion across an estate plan. The trust governs distribution of funded assets, often avoiding probate and preserving privacy. The pour-over will acts as a catch-all for items not transferred to the trust, ensuring they end up under the trust’s terms. This redundancy helps minimize the risk that property ends up distributed differently than intended due to oversight during lifetime funding. For Los Osos residents, the combined approach offers a practical way to centralize administration and reduce the potential for disputes among beneficiaries.
Additional benefits include continuity of plans when life changes occur, such as marriage, divorce, or the acquisition of new assets. Regularly reviewing and updating trust funding, beneficiary designations, and the pour-over will maintains alignment with changing circumstances. The combined strategy also clarifies roles for fiduciaries: the personal representative handles probate tasks for any assets not funded into the trust, and the trustee manages trust assets according to the trust instrument. Together, these documents form a coordinated plan that supports orderly administration and the settlor’s overall objectives.
When assets are moved into a trust and any remaining probate property is poured into that trust, distribution follows a single document’s provisions, reducing the risk of conflicting outcomes. Beneficiaries receive clear, unified instructions for distribution timing and conditions. This consistency makes administration smoother and less likely to result in family disputes or litigation. For Los Osos families seeking predictable outcomes, using a pour-over will alongside a trust helps ensure that all assets ultimately adhere to the same distribution plan established by the settlor.
A pour-over will serves as an important fallback for situations where assets were inadvertently left outside the trust. Despite careful planning, new acquisitions or changes in account titling can result in property remaining in the owner’s name at death. The pour-over will captures those items and directs them into the trust, reducing the need for separate probate-based distributions. For clients in San Luis Obispo County, this backup function provides peace of mind that the larger estate plan remains effective even if some assets were not transferred during the settlor’s lifetime.
Review trust funding regularly to ensure newly acquired assets, changed account titles, or updated beneficiary designations are placed into the living trust where appropriate. Regular maintenance reduces the number of assets that will need to pass through probate and subsequently be poured into the trust. Periodic review is especially important after life events like marriage, divorce, inheritance, or property purchases. Maintaining an inventory of accounts and deeds and confirming titling alignment with the trust can prevent unintended probate and make estate administration smoother for appointed fiduciaries and beneficiaries.
Ensure retirement accounts, life insurance, and payable-on-death accounts have beneficiary designations aligned with your broader estate plan. Some accounts transfer outside of probate and will not be affected by a pour-over will, so confirm whether designations reflect current intentions. Keep records of beneficiary forms and confirm titling for property that should be owned by the trust. Combining attention to beneficiary designations with trust funding reduces the likelihood that assets will unintentionally remain in probate, supporting a coordinated and predictable plan for distributing property to loved ones.
Including a pour-over will provides a safety net for any assets not transferred to a living trust before death, ensuring that those assets will ultimately be governed by the trust’s provisions. This can be especially valuable when life changes or oversights result in property remaining in the decedent’s name. A pour-over will also formally appoints a personal representative to manage probate tasks and deliver remaining assets to the trust. For families in Los Osos, this arrangement simplifies beneficiary expectations and helps maintain consistency across the overall estate plan.
Another reason to consider a pour-over will is to preserve the planning goals established in the trust, including specific distribution terms, conditions, and timelines for beneficiaries. The pour-over mechanism avoids the risk that probate assets would otherwise be distributed under different instructions or statutes. It also supports coordinated administration with other documents such as financial powers of attorney and health care directives. Regular review and maintenance of these documents helps ensure the pour-over will and trust continue to reflect the settlor’s wishes as circumstances change over time.
A pour-over will is often useful when individuals have a living trust but may acquire additional assets after the trust is created, when titling errors occur, or when there is concern that some property might not be properly funded into the trust. It is also valuable when the settlor wants the benefits of a trust for most assets but prefers the flexibility of a will to appoint a personal representative and address probate contingencies. For residents of San Luis Obispo County, this document reduces the risk that accidental omissions will disrupt the overall estate plan and ensures consistency in distribution.
When a person acquires new property or opens accounts after the creation of a living trust, those items may not be titled in the trust name and therefore could remain subject to probate. A pour-over will allows those assets to be transferred into the trust after death so the trust’s distribution terms apply. Regularly reviewing asset ownership and ensuring timely funding into the trust reduces the need for probate, but the pour-over will remains a practical fallback to capture any items that were inadvertently omitted during life.
Life events such as marriage, divorce, the birth of children, or blending families can change how assets should be distributed and may necessitate updates to trust documents and beneficiary designations. In the interim, a pour-over will can ensure assets not yet moved into the trust are still directed to the trust for distribution according to updated wishes. Keeping estate planning documents current and coordinating trust funding and beneficiary forms helps reduce the reliance on probate and supports the settlor’s objectives for family provisions and guardianship nominations.
Mistakes in account titling, forgotten paperwork, or misunderstood transfer procedures can leave assets outside the trust even when that was the intention. A pour-over will addresses these oversights by directing probate assets into the trust at death. Establishing checklists for funding, keeping documentation organized, and scheduling periodic reviews can prevent many of these issues, but the pour-over will remains an important mechanism to capture anything overlooked and to ensure the testator’s overall plan is carried out as intended.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman assist clients across California with estate planning and probate matters, including pour-over wills, living trusts, and related documents like powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and guardianship nominations. We guide clients through document coordination, trust funding best practices, and estate administration when needed. For residents of Los Osos, we provide support tailored to local property issues and family circumstances, helping to create a coherent plan that addresses both probate contingencies and trust-based distribution goals in a way that reflects the settlor’s intentions.
Clients choose the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman because we prioritize careful planning, clear communication, and practical solutions tailored to each family’s needs. We assist with drafting pour-over wills, coordinating trust funding, and assembling a comprehensive plan that includes powers of attorney and health care directives. Our approach focuses on anticipating common funding issues and providing options that align with clients’ goals for privacy, family continuity, and straightforward administration. We also help clients update documents as circumstances change, keeping the plan current and effective.
We strive to make the estate planning process understandable and manageable by explaining the roles of personal representatives and trustees, outlining probate implications, and offering guidance on titling and beneficiary designations. For Los Osos residents, we address both local property considerations and California law to help ensure documents are drafted correctly and reflect the settlor’s intentions. Our client-centered approach emphasizes responsiveness, practical recommendations, and support during probate or trust administration when transitions occur.
Whether you are creating a new living trust, updating an existing plan, or ensuring that a pour-over will complements your estate documents, we help coordinate all necessary pieces. We also provide assistance with other common estate planning tools such as revocable living trusts, last wills and testaments, financial powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and guardianship nominations. By working proactively to reduce probate exposure and align titling with planning documents, we help clients create cohesive plans that provide clarity and direction for loved ones.
Our process begins with a focused consultation to understand family dynamics, asset profiles, and planning goals. We review existing documents, identify assets that require funding, and recommend a plan that may include a living trust and pour-over will, along with powers of attorney and health care directives. After drafting documents tailored to the client’s needs, we guide clients through execution formalities and provide instructions for trust funding and beneficiary coordination. When probate or trust administration is necessary, we support fiduciaries through each step to facilitate orderly resolution.
The first step is a comprehensive intake and review of current estate planning documents, account titling, and property ownership. We discuss client objectives, family considerations, and any specific provisions the client wants included, such as guardianship nominations or special trust terms. This review identifies gaps in trust funding and other items that could result in probate. With this information, we recommend a coordinated plan that uses a pour-over will alongside a living trust and related documents to align administration with the client’s goals and expectations under California law.
We assist clients in compiling a clear inventory of assets, including real property, bank and investment accounts, retirement plans, life insurance policies, and personal property. This thorough inventory helps determine which assets should be retitled into the trust and which may remain outside the trust. By identifying assets that might be overlooked, we can advise on proper funding steps and draft a pour-over will to handle any items that remain in the decedent’s name, ensuring consistency with the overall estate plan and reducing unexpected probate exposure for beneficiaries.
We review beneficiary designations on retirement accounts and insurance policies and analyze account titling to confirm that transfer mechanisms align with the estate plan. Some assets transfer outside probate by designations, while others must be retitled into the trust to avoid probate. Our recommendations focus on coordinating these designations with the pour-over will and trust so distribution is consistent. Clear instructions and documented changes reduce confusion for fiduciaries and ensure that the trust is the primary vehicle for administering the settlor’s wishes.
After establishing the plan, we prepare the pour-over will, trust documents, powers of attorney, and health care directives tailored to the client’s objectives. Documents are drafted to comply with California legal requirements and reflect the settlor’s intentions for distribution and fiduciary appointment. We guide clients through proper execution, including signing and witnessing where necessary, and provide clear instructions for funding the trust, updating beneficiary designations, and storing documents so they are accessible to fiduciaries when needed.
We schedule and oversee signing sessions to ensure that wills and trust documents are executed correctly, with proper witnessing and notarization where required. Proper execution prevents challenges to validity and makes administration smoother for fiduciaries after death. We also provide instructions and templates for transferring titles, changing account registrations, and completing beneficiary forms. Clear documentation of these steps helps reduce the likelihood that assets will remain outside the trust and subject to probate, supporting cohesive implementation of the estate plan.
We provide detailed guidance on how to fund the trust, including forms and language for retitling deeds, changing account registrations, and transferring ownership where appropriate. Maintaining records of funding actions and beneficiary forms is essential to avoid surprises at the time of administration. We also recommend periodic reviews to address new assets or life changes. Good recordkeeping and follow-up minimize the potential for assets to fall through the cracks and later require probate, helping the pour-over will and trust function as intended.
When administration is required, the personal representative and trustee carry out their roles according to the will and trust terms. For probate assets, the personal representative manages court filings, pays debts, and transfers remaining assets into the trust as directed by the pour-over will. The trustee then administers trust assets to beneficiaries as specified. We assist fiduciaries with necessary filings, communications with beneficiaries, and practical steps to settle the estate efficiently while observing legal obligations and timelines under California law.
If assets are subject to probate, the personal representative will open a probate case, provide notice to heirs and creditors, and manage the collection and liquidation of estate assets as needed to satisfy obligations. After debts and taxes are resolved, the remaining probate assets are distributed pursuant to the pour-over will into the trust. That transfer allows the trustee to apply the trust’s distribution terms. We provide guidance to fiduciaries throughout this process to help ensure compliance with court procedures and timely completion of administration tasks.
Once assets are in the trust, the trustee follows the trust document to manage and distribute assets to beneficiaries according to the settlor’s instructions. Trust administration tasks include inventorying trust property, communicating with beneficiaries, managing investments as appropriate, and distributing assets per any specified schedule or conditions. We advise trustees on fiduciary duties, documentation, and best practices for transparent communication with beneficiaries to minimize disputes and ensure distributions proceed smoothly and in alignment with the trust instrument.
A pour-over will primarily serves as a safety net to capture any assets not transferred into a living trust during the settlor’s lifetime and to direct those assets into the trust at death. The document appoints a personal representative to administer probate matters for those assets and instructs that the remaining property be transferred into the named trust. This ensures consistency in distribution, as the trust’s terms govern assets once they are transferred. The pour-over will does not replace careful funding of the trust but complements it by catching omissions. Because the pour-over will funnels assets into the trust, it helps preserve the settlor’s overall plan and reduces the risk of disparate distribution outcomes. It also formalizes the appointment of a fiduciary to handle probate tasks. While it does not prevent probate for assets it covers, the eventual transfer into the trust means beneficiaries receive assets according to the trust’s instructions, which provides clarity and continuity in estate administration.
No; a pour-over will does not prevent probate for assets it governs. Assets that remain in the deceased person’s name at death must still be administered through probate before they can be transferred to the trust. The pour-over will directs that probate assets be moved into the trust, but probate procedures such as creditor notices, court filings, and approvals may still be required. For many people, minimizing probate involves proactively funding the trust and coordinating beneficiary designations so fewer assets are left to pass under the will. That said, when most assets are properly funded into a living trust during life, the scope of probate is often reduced significantly. The pour-over will acts as backup protection to capture things that were unintentionally omitted, so regular review and funding practices are important to limit the need for probate administration in San Luis Obispo County and across California.
Beneficiary designations on retirement accounts, life insurance, and payable-on-death accounts typically override provisions in a will or trust because they transfer by contract rather than through probate. A pour-over will applies to assets that do not already pass by beneficiary designation or joint ownership. It is important to coordinate beneficiary forms with the overall estate plan to ensure that distributions occur as intended and that the trust receives assets where appropriate. Regularly reviewing and updating beneficiary information is essential to align account transfer mechanisms with the estate plan. When beneficiary designations conflict with trust intentions, the specific contractual or account terms tend to control, so coordination between designations and trust funding reduces unintended outcomes and supports cohesive asset distribution.
Choose fiduciaries who are trustworthy, organized, and willing to take on the responsibilities of the role. The personal representative will manage probate tasks for any assets covered by the pour-over will, while the trustee will manage trust assets and distributions. Consider both the individual’s availability and their ability to handle financial and administrative duties. Naming alternate fiduciaries is also a practical step in case the primary designee cannot serve when needed. Open communication with chosen fiduciaries about expectations and document locations can make administration easier. Providing guidance and clear documentation about financial accounts, property records, and location of original estate planning documents reduces confusion and supports a smoother transition when the time comes to act on behalf of the estate or trust.
Yes; a pour-over will can be drafted to address digital assets and online accounts to the extent permitted by law. Directed language can identify how passwords, digital property, and online accounts should be handled, and the personal representative can be given authority to access and manage those assets for transfer into the trust if appropriate. It is also important to include instructions for how to locate login information and to consider any platform-specific rules regarding account transferability. Given evolving rules around digital property, maintaining an updated inventory of digital accounts, instructions for access, and explicit grant of authority in estate documents helps fiduciaries manage these assets. Including a digital asset plan with the pour-over will and trust supports practical administration and aligns with overall estate planning objectives.
Review estate planning documents periodically, and especially after significant life events such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, or major changes in assets. Regular reviews ensure that the trust funding, beneficiary designations, and pour-over will reflect current wishes and account titling. California law and personal circumstances can change over time, so scheduled check-ins help maintain alignment with goals and reduce the likelihood that assets will end up outside the trust. Even without dramatic life events, reviewing documents every few years is advisable to confirm account titling and beneficiary forms remain correct. Periodic updates also provide an opportunity to revise provisions that no longer match family circumstances or to update fiduciary appointments as needed for effective administration.
If new property is acquired after the trust is created but not retitled into the trust, it may remain subject to probate at death and be transferred into the trust via the pour-over will. To avoid this outcome, retitle real property and change account registrations where appropriate so the trust owns or controls the assets during life. Doing so reduces probate exposure and simplifies administration for beneficiaries. For major acquisitions, review funding steps promptly to maintain the intended benefit of the trust. When assets are discovered during administration that were not funded, the pour-over will directs their transfer into the trust, but probate may still be required. Regularly updating records and titling can prevent the need for probate and help ensure that the estate plan remains cohesive and effective for the settlor’s family.
A pour-over will itself does not inherently change the estate’s tax obligations, but the overall composition and value of the estate will determine any federal or state tax responsibilities. Assets that pass through probate and into the trust are included in the decedent’s estate for tax purposes as required by law. Estate tax exposure depends on the size of the estate and applicable thresholds rather than on whether a pour-over will is used. California does not have a separate state-level estate tax, but federal estate tax rules may apply depending on total asset value. Proper planning can help manage tax consequences through trusts and other mechanisms, but tax matters should be reviewed with qualified tax advisors in addition to estate planning counsel. Coordinating estate planning documents with tax planning strategies helps ensure both legal and financial aspects of the estate are addressed effectively.
Pour-over wills can be appropriate for blended families, but thoughtful trust drafting is often needed to address multiple family relationships, stepchildren, and competing interests. Trusts allow detailed provisions about distributions to different family members, and the pour-over will ensures any probate assets are brought into that structured plan. Careful consideration of beneficiary designations, trust terms, and possible contingencies can reduce ambiguity and minimize the chance of disputes among family members with differing expectations. For blended families, it is especially important to communicate intentions and periodically review documents to make sure the plan reflects current family dynamics. Using a coordinated trust and pour-over will structure enables more tailored solutions for distribution, guardianship nominations, and other family needs while preserving clarity for fiduciaries.
To ensure a pour-over will and trust work together, coordinate drafting so the pour-over will names the trust accurately and appoints a personal representative who understands the intent to transfer probate assets to the trust. Confirm that trust funding steps are followed for existing assets and that beneficiary designations are reviewed and updated to align with the trust’s goals. Proper document execution and clear recordkeeping support a seamless interaction between the will and trust during administration. Regular reviews and updates are also essential. Life changes, new acquisitions, or modifications in family circumstances can necessitate adjustments in titling and beneficiary forms. Keeping everything in sync minimizes the likelihood that assets will unintentionally remain outside the trust and ensures that the overall estate plan functions as intended when administration is required.
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