A HIPAA Authorization is a focused legal document that allows medical providers to share your protected health information with designated people when you cannot manage your own care. For residents of Redwood City and San Mateo County, this authorization links directly to broader estate planning documents such as a revocable living trust, advance health care directive, and health care powers of attorney. Preparing a clear HIPAA Authorization helps families access necessary records quickly and supports informed decisions about medical treatment, billing, and continuity of care. This introduction explains how this document fits into a full estate plan and why thoughtful drafting matters for peace of mind.
When a HIPAA Authorization is included with other estate planning documents like a power of attorney or advance directive, it removes barriers to communication between health care providers and the people you trust. Without it, privacy rules can prevent doctors and hospitals from speaking with loved ones, which complicates decision making and care coordination. A properly drafted authorization names who can receive medical information, what types of records are covered, and how long the permission lasts. In Redwood City, careful coordination with your overall estate plan ensures that your wishes about privacy and information sharing are honored at critical moments.
A HIPAA Authorization removes uncertainty about who can access medical records and discuss care with providers. For many families, this means faster access to test results, medical histories, and discharge instructions that can influence treatment and recovery. When combined with documents like a medical power of attorney and advance health care directive, the authorization ensures that health care proxies can act with full information. It also reduces delays caused by privacy restrictions, streamlines communication with hospitals and insurers, and helps avoid disputes among family members. Overall, this document supports clearer, more efficient health care decision making when time and clarity matter most.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serves clients across San Jose and San Mateo County with a focus on comprehensive estate planning documents, including HIPAA Authorizations, revocable living trusts, and advance health care directives. Our approach emphasizes personalized planning, careful document drafting, and clear explanations so clients understand how each document interacts in an emergency. We work directly with families to identify the people who should access medical information and to tailor authorization language to the client’s preferences. This practical, client-focused approach helps preserve privacy while ensuring that trusted individuals can act when needed.
A HIPAA Authorization grants permission for medical providers to share protected health information with specific individuals or organizations. It complements but does not replace other estate planning instruments, and it is tailored to name the types of information to be disclosed, the recipients, and the intended purposes. For example, a client may allow family members to receive complete records, or limit releases to billing and treatment information only. Clear language prevents misinterpretation. In Redwood City, many clients include this authorization within a broader packet that also contains a power of attorney and advance directive to create a consistent plan for health and financial decisions.
HIPAA rules protect patient privacy, but they also allow individuals to authorize others to access information. That authorization must be written, specific, and typically signed and dated to be effective. It can be durable for a set period or state when it will expire. This document is particularly important if you anticipate hospitalization, chronic illness, or a situation where you cannot communicate your wishes. Naming backup individuals or organizations can provide continuity of access. Thoughtful drafting helps avoid gaps in communication that could delay care, insurance coordination, or legal decisions involving medical records.
A HIPAA Authorization is a written, signed statement directing health care providers and entities covered by HIPAA to disclose specified protected health information to identified recipients. It defines the scope of disclosure, such as medical records, diagnostic test results, treatment summaries, or billing information. It can also specify the duration of the authorization and the purpose for which the information will be used. Because medical privacy laws can restrict access by default, this authorization is a practical tool for ensuring that trusted family members, caregivers, or legal representatives can obtain the information necessary to coordinate care and manage obligations related to health and treatment.
A properly drafted HIPAA Authorization includes the patient’s identifying information, the names or classes of persons authorized to receive information, the specific categories of health information to be released, and the purpose of the disclosure. It must include the patient’s signature and the date, and it may specify an expiration date or condition for termination. Understanding the process of presenting the authorization to providers, confirming acceptance, and retaining copies is important. Families should keep a signed copy accessible and provide copies to primary care providers, hospitals, and any long-term care facilities to reduce delays when disclosure is needed.
Clear definitions help clients understand the terms used in a HIPAA Authorization and related estate planning documents. Common entries include definitions for protected health information, designated recipient, durable power of attorney for health care, advance health care directive, and revocation. Knowing these terms allows you to make informed choices about what to authorize and whom to designate. A glossary also explains procedural aspects like how to revoke an authorization, how long it remains valid, and how it interacts with other legal documents so that you can maintain consistent control over access to sensitive health information.
Protected Health Information, often called PHI, refers to any information about an individual’s past, present, or future physical or mental health that can be used to identify that person. Examples include medical histories, laboratory results, treatment plans, and billing records. Under HIPAA, PHI is protected from disclosure without the patient’s authorization except in limited circumstances. A HIPAA Authorization specifies which types of PHI will be shared, to ensure that only the information necessary for care or decision making is released to designated recipients, reducing unnecessary privacy exposure while enabling appropriate communication.
Designation of Recipient identifies the individuals, businesses, or organizations permitted to receive PHI under a HIPAA Authorization. This can include family members, close friends, caregivers, attorneys, or insurers. The designation should be specific enough to prevent ambiguity; naming roles and backup contacts can provide clarity. It is also possible to designate an entire class of persons, such as ‘medical caregivers’ or ‘financial representatives,’ but precise naming often reduces confusion at the time records are requested. Effective designations support timely access to information by those responsible for care decisions or administrative matters.
An Advance Health Care Directive is a legal document that expresses your preferences about medical treatment and appoints a decision maker to act on your behalf if you are unable to communicate. While the directive sets out treatment preferences and surrogate authority, a HIPAA Authorization permits the exchange of medical information the surrogate needs to make informed decisions. Both documents work in tandem: the directive guides decisions, and the authorization ensures access to the records and communications necessary to implement those decisions effectively and in accordance with your intentions.
A Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care appoints a person to make health care decisions for you if you lack the capacity to decide for yourself. Unlike a HIPAA Authorization, which governs the release of medical information, the power of attorney grants decision-making authority. A coordinated plan includes both documents so the appointed agent can access the medical records they need to make informed choices. Ensuring the agent is named clearly and given appropriate documentation helps foster efficient communication with doctors and medical facilities during high-pressure situations.
When planning for incapacity or medical emergencies, it is important to compare the roles of a HIPAA Authorization, a power of attorney, and an advance health care directive. The authorization focuses on information sharing, while a power of attorney authorizes decision making and an advance directive captures treatment preferences. Selecting which documents to prepare depends on your needs, the level of control you want to preserve, and who you trust to act on your behalf. In many cases, having all three creates a cohesive plan that clarifies both access to records and the authority to act, reducing administrative roadblocks and misunderstandings.
A limited HIPAA Authorization may be suitable when you only want to permit access to specific records or narrow information for a short time. For example, if a family member needs temporary access to laboratory results while you are traveling, a narrowly tailored authorization can accomplish that without exposing broader medical history. Limited authorizations reduce privacy risk and are simpler to manage. When drafting a limited authorization, it is important to define precisely which records and recipients are included, and to set clear expiration terms so access does not continue beyond the intended purpose.
A limited approach can also be helpful for short-term or transactional situations, such as coordinating a single procedure, specialist consultation, or insurance appeal. In these scenarios, the patient may prefer that only relevant providers receive information for a defined period. A concise HIPAA Authorization can streamline the immediate process while preserving the patient’s broader privacy. Clear language about the scope and duration of authorization helps providers respond promptly and prevents ongoing disclosures after the matter has been resolved or the set timeframe has ended.
Comprehensive planning is often recommended when medical circumstances are complex or family dynamics could create confusion during a crisis. In such cases, having an integrated set of documents—a HIPAA Authorization, advance health care directive, and powers of attorney—ensures both access to information and clear decision-making authority. This alignment reduces the potential for delays, miscommunication, or disputes among family members. A coordinated plan can also address contingencies like backup decision makers, successor agents, and explicit guidance for high-stakes medical choices, giving families a roadmap to follow when swift action is needed.
For those managing chronic conditions or planning for long-term care, a comprehensive approach helps ensure continuity across providers and facilities. A HIPAA Authorization combined with clear directives and trust planning supports both medical and financial coordination, allowing caretakers and agents to access the necessary records and make informed decisions about treatment and care settings. Preparing in advance can prevent interruptions in coverage, support smoother transitions between care providers, and help families manage the administrative challenges that often accompany extended or recurring medical needs.
Including a HIPAA Authorization in a full estate plan strengthens communication channels among providers, family members, and legal representatives. It reduces obstacles caused by privacy protections and ensures that decision makers have the medical information they need to act responsibly. This contributes to more timely diagnoses, better treatment coordination, and fewer administrative delays. A unified set of documents also provides clarity in emergencies, allowing designated individuals to receive updates and to assist with insurance, discharge planning, or follow-up care without repeated authorization requests from providers.
Another benefit of a comprehensive approach is the reduced potential for disputes and confusion between family members or caregivers. When documents are aligned and clearly drafted, it is easier to determine who is authorized to receive information and who is authorized to make decisions. This clarity helps focus conversations on patient needs and medical choices rather than paperwork. Additionally, integrating HIPAA Authorization with trusts and powers of attorney supports coordinated planning for both health care and financial matters, so decisions about treatment can be made with full knowledge of the client’s overall circumstances.
When a HIPAA Authorization is in place and available to care providers, designated individuals can obtain test results, discharge summaries, and treatment histories more quickly. This speed matters in emergency situations and during care transitions, when having prompt access to records improves continuity of care and reduces duplication of tests. Faster information flow also assists with coordinating follow-up appointments and medication management. For families managing health issues, this can mean better outcomes and fewer administrative hurdles when making time-sensitive medical decisions.
A coordinated set of estate planning documents limits ambiguity about who may receive information and who may act on behalf of the patient. By clearly designating recipients and decision makers, the HIPAA Authorization works alongside powers of attorney and directives to prevent family disagreements from interfering with care. This clarity supports smoother interactions with medical teams and simplifies administrative tasks like insurance inquiries and billing. When expectations are set in writing, families can focus on supporting wellness and recovery rather than resolving procedural disputes.
When naming recipients in a HIPAA Authorization, be precise and include backup contacts to ensure continuity if a primary designee is unavailable. List full names, relationships, and contact information to help providers verify identity quickly. Consider including a small circle of trusted people rather than a broad class to reduce ambiguity. Also think about whether organizations or agencies should be included, such as a long-term care facility or home health agency, to streamline administrative communication. Keeping copies with your medical records and sharing them with your primary care provider and family helps avoid delays when access is needed.
Align your HIPAA Authorization with other estate planning documents like advance health care directives, power of attorney forms, and trust documents. Consistency across documents reduces confusion for medical staff, financial institutions, and family members. When the named agents and recipients match and the documents reference one another where appropriate, it creates a solid framework for decision making and record access. Providing copies of all key documents to designated agents and the primary care provider ensures everyone involved has the information necessary to act promptly when medical issues arise.
Including a HIPAA Authorization protects your ability to control who receives your medical information and under what circumstances that information is shared. It prevents administrative delays that can interfere with treatment, allows appointed agents to coordinate care more effectively, and supports family members who assist with medical decisions. For residents of Redwood City and neighboring communities, this document is a practical safeguard that works in tandem with powers of attorney and advance directives to ensure information flows to the right people at the right time, preserving patient privacy while enabling necessary communication.
People often overlook how HIPAA restrictions can complicate care during emergencies or when someone becomes incapacitated. Preparing an authorization in advance avoids last-minute hurdles, repeated release requests, or the need to obtain records through court processes. It also helps billing and insurance matters proceed smoothly, since insurers and medical providers may need specific permissions to discuss payment issues. Creating a documented plan reduces stress for family members and makes it easier for appointed decision makers to focus on the patient’s health rather than navigating administrative red tape.
A HIPAA Authorization is particularly important when anticipating surgery, ongoing treatment for a chronic condition, transitions to assisted living or rehabilitation facilities, or when family members live apart and need access to medical updates. It also proves helpful during caregiving arrangements and when coordinating care across multiple specialists. Without authorization, providers may be limited in what they can share, creating communication gaps. Planning ahead ensures trusted individuals can obtain records, speak with physicians, and manage logistical matters promptly when care decisions need to be made.
When a patient is admitted for hospitalization or scheduled for a major medical procedure, a HIPAA Authorization allows designated family members or caregivers to receive updates and coordinate post-operative care. This can include discharge instructions, medication lists, and follow-up appointment details. Timely access to these records helps ensure continuity of care and reduces the risk of misunderstandings or missed instructions. Preparing the authorization in advance prevents delays that often occur when staff must verify relationships or wait for written consent before sharing information.
For individuals managing chronic conditions, continuous access to medical records and communications is often necessary. A HIPAA Authorization enables caregivers and designated agents to request lab results, treatment plans, and specialist reports without repeated red tape. This access can improve medication management, appointment scheduling, and coordination among various health care providers. Maintaining an updated authorization and sharing copies with relevant providers helps ensure that those assisting with care can act efficiently and in the patient’s best interests over the long term.
Transitions to long-term care facilities, rehabilitation centers, or hospice often require sharing detailed medical histories and care plans. A HIPAA Authorization facilitates the transfer of records between providers and helps families coordinate admissions, insurance verifications, and care coordination. By having a signed authorization on file, designated contacts can obtain the information needed to support smooth transitions and ensure continuity of care. This reduces administrative burdens during stressful periods and helps medical teams make informed decisions based on complete health information.
At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman, we assist Redwood City clients in preparing HIPAA Authorizations tailored to their needs and aligned with their broader estate plans. We explain how the authorization interacts with documents like trusts, advance directives, and powers of attorney, and we help clients choose the right scope and recipients. Our goal is to provide clear, practical documents that preserve privacy while ensuring authorized individuals can access necessary medical information. We also guide clients on keeping records accessible to providers and trusted contacts to minimize delays in care.
Clients come to our office for straightforward, reliable estate planning assistance that covers both medical and financial decision-making needs. We take time to understand family dynamics and medical concerns so documents are drafted with real-world usability in mind. Our firm prepares HIPAA Authorizations that are compatible with advance directives, powers of attorney, and trust instruments to create a cohesive plan. We also provide practical advice on how to distribute and store these documents so that they are available when needed by providers and designated individuals.
When drafting a HIPAA Authorization, clear communication and accurate language make the difference between a document that works smoothly and one that creates delays. We review state and federal privacy rules to prepare authorizations that are effective with local hospitals, clinics, and specialty providers. We walk clients through options for scope and duration and recommend best practices for keeping records current. Our team aims to reduce administrative hurdles for families and to ensure that designated agents have access to the information necessary to make informed and timely medical decisions.
Beyond preparing a HIPAA Authorization, we assist with integrating the document into a complete estate plan that may include a revocable living trust, pour-over will, powers of attorney, and guardianship nominations. This broader approach ensures that medical information access aligns with decision-making authority and financial planning. We help clients plan for foreseeable contingencies by naming successors, arranging backups, and advising on documentation distribution. Our practice offers practical solutions so families in San Mateo County can rely on a coordinated plan during critical moments.
Our process begins with a focused consultation to learn about your medical concerns, family structure, and who you want to have access to your records. We review any existing estate planning documents and identify gaps or inconsistencies. Next, we draft the HIPAA Authorization with precise language about recipients, scope of information, and duration, and we coordinate it with advance directives and powers of attorney. Finally, we provide signed copies for you to keep, advise where to file them with medical providers, and explain how to revoke or update the authorization as circumstances change.
During the initial meeting, we gather information about your health care preferences, potential decision makers, and current estate planning documents. We discuss who should have access to medical information and any special circumstances such as chronic conditions or long-distance family members. Reviewing existing documents allows us to align the HIPAA Authorization with powers of attorney and advance directives. This stage ensures the authorization’s language reflects your intentions and minimizes conflicts between documents, so that the people you designate can act effectively when called upon.
We work with clients to identify primary and backup contacts who should receive medical information, and we clarify what types of records those contacts will need. This includes considering who will coordinate appointments, manage medications, or communicate with insurers. Determining these roles in advance helps ensure the authorization is practical and effective. We also advise on including contact details and relationship descriptions so medical providers can quickly verify authorization requests and release records without unnecessary delays.
We examine any existing advance directives, powers of attorney, trusts, and wills to ensure the HIPAA Authorization is consistent with other instructions and appointed decision makers. When documents conflict, we discuss amendments or coordinated language to remove ambiguity. This review helps create a unified plan so that the person tasked with making health care decisions has access to the information needed to follow your preferences. Clear alignment among documents reduces the potential for administrative obstacles during medical emergencies.
After gathering details, we draft the authorization with precise terms about who may receive PHI, what categories of information are included, and the time frame for disclosure. We also incorporate revocation instructions and any limits the client requests. The draft is reviewed with the client to ensure it reflects their wishes and addresses any state-specific concerns. We suggest practical provisions, such as backup recipients and distribution to primary care providers, so the finalized document is effective and easily used by medical staff when requests for records are made.
Clients review the draft authorization and can request adjustments to scope, recipients, or duration. We explain legal language in plain terms and offer examples of how different drafting choices play out in practice. This collaborative review ensures the authorization meets your privacy preferences while remaining functional for medical providers. Once finalized, we prepare the signed version and provide guidance on who should receive copies and where the original should be stored for quick access during a medical event.
After signing, we recommend distributing copies to your primary care physician, relevant specialists, family members, and any long-term care facilities involved in your care. We also advise on keeping a personal file with the authorization and other estate planning documents. Ensuring that both providers and designated recipients have copies prevents delays and repeated paperwork requests. We explain how to confirm acceptance with providers and what steps to take if a provider requires additional verification before releasing records.
Estate planning is not a one-time task; your HIPAA Authorization should be reviewed periodically, especially after major life events such as marriage, divorce, relocation, or changes in health. We recommend reviewing the document whenever you update other estate planning instruments to keep names, contact details, and preferences current. If you need to revoke or amend the authorization, we can prepare the necessary forms and advise on notifying providers and recipients. Maintaining current documents ensures that access to information and decision-making authority remains aligned with your wishes.
Significant life events, including changes in relationships, health status, or residence, can affect who should have access to your medical information. After such events, review your HIPAA Authorization to confirm that the named recipients and scope still reflect your intentions. Updating contact information and adding or removing recipients helps avoid confusion when records are requested. Regular reviews also provide an opportunity to ensure that the authorization remains coordinated with your broader estate plan, keeping all documents consistent and effective.
If you decide to revoke or amend a HIPAA Authorization, you should provide written notice and follow any state-specific requirements for revocation. We assist in drafting clear revocation language and in communicating changes to medical providers and previously authorized recipients. It is important to collect confirmation that providers have received and recorded the revocation to avoid continued disclosures. We also advise on replacing old authorizations with updated documents and on retaining records of changes for future reference.
A HIPAA Authorization permits health care providers and entities covered by HIPAA to release specified protected health information to designated persons or organizations. This can include medical histories, test results, treatment summaries, and billing information depending on the scope you choose. The authorization must be written, signed, and dated to be effective, and it should clearly define the recipients and purposes for disclosure to avoid ambiguity. Having this document in place helps ensure that those you trust can obtain necessary records for care coordination, insurance matters, or administrative tasks. It is important to note that while the authorization allows disclosure, it does not itself grant decision-making authority. For making medical decisions, a power of attorney for health care or an advance health care directive is required. The authorization simply enables the flow of information to the individuals you designate, so they can act knowledgeably. Combining the authorization with decision-making documents produces a complete plan for medical access and authority.
You should name individuals you trust to receive sensitive health information and to use that information responsibly. Common choices include a spouse, adult children, siblings, close friends, or a primary caregiver. It can be helpful to include at least one backup person in case the primary designee is unavailable. When listing recipients, provide full names and contact information so that providers can verify identity quickly. Consider whether organizations, such as a long-term care facility or home health agency, should be included to ease administrative communication. Selecting recipients also involves thinking through potential family dynamics and geographical considerations. If loved ones live far apart, naming specific contacts who will coordinate communication can avoid confusion. Discussing your choices with the people you name ensures they understand the role and are prepared to act if needed. Clear naming and prior communication with designated recipients help reduce delays when medical records or updates are requested.
A HIPAA Authorization can be drafted to remain valid for a specific period, until a particular event occurs, or until revoked in writing. Some people choose a short-term authorization for a single procedure or appointment, while others prefer an open-ended authorization that remains in effect until they revoke it. Specifying a clear expiration date or condition provides certainty for both the patient and providers. It is also common to align the authorization’s duration with other estate planning documents for consistent coverage over time. Because circumstances change, periodic review is recommended to confirm the authorization still reflects current wishes. If you move, change primary care providers, or have changes in family relationships, review and update the authorization as needed. When revoking or replacing an authorization, ensure medical providers and previously authorized individuals receive written notice so that records sharing practices reflect your current intent.
Yes, you can restrict a HIPAA Authorization to specific categories of information. For example, you might allow access to treatment notes and lab results but exclude psychotherapy notes or certain sensitive records. You can also limit disclosure to a particular provider or timeframe. Narrowly tailoring the scope helps balance privacy concerns with practical needs, allowing trusted individuals to receive only the information necessary for decision making or care coordination. When restricting scope, be precise in the authorization language to avoid confusion for medical staff. If there is uncertainty about whether a request falls within the permitted categories, providers may hesitate to release information. Clear, well-defined terms prevent delays and ensure authorized recipients receive the records they need without exposing broader medical history unnecessarily.
A HIPAA Authorization and a medical power of attorney are complementary documents. The authorization permits the release of medical records to designated people, while the power of attorney gives a named agent the authority to make health care decisions on your behalf if you cannot. Without authorization, a designated agent may face barriers obtaining necessary records to make informed choices. When both documents are prepared together, the agent can access information and make decisions consistent with your wishes documented in an advance directive. It is advisable to coordinate the language and named individuals across documents so they align clearly. Naming the same agent in both the HIPAA Authorization and the power of attorney reduces confusion and administrative friction. Providing copies of both documents to your health care providers and the appointed agent ensures smooth communication and decision-making when timing is critical.
After signing a HIPAA Authorization, distribute copies to your primary care provider, any relevant specialists, and the individuals you have named. Keep a signed original in a safe but accessible location and provide copies to family members or caregivers who may need them. Inform your medical providers that you have executed an authorization so they can note it in your chart. Proactive distribution reduces delays when records or communications are needed during an emergency or routine care. You should also review the authorization periodically and after life changes to ensure names and contact information remain current. If you later decide to revoke or change the authorization, provide written notice to providers and previously authorized recipients and request confirmation that the change has been recorded. Keeping documentation of distribution and updates helps avoid misunderstandings about access to your medical information.
Yes, you can revoke or change a HIPAA Authorization at any time in writing, provided you have the capacity to do so. To revoke an authorization, you should provide a written notice that specifies the document being revoked and the date of revocation, and then deliver or send that notice to your health care providers and any previously authorized recipients. It is important to request confirmation from providers that they have received and recorded the revocation to prevent continued disclosures under the prior authorization. If you need to amend the authorization rather than revoke it entirely, we can prepare a revised document that replaces the earlier version. Distributing the updated authorization and notifying providers and authorized individuals ensures that future disclosures reflect your current intentions. Maintaining records of revocations or amendments provides clarity for medical staff and reduces the likelihood of unauthorized information sharing.
Most health care providers will accept a properly executed HIPAA Authorization if it meets legal requirements and is presented clearly. Providers typically look for a written, signed, and dated form that identifies the patient, the recipients, the scope of information, and the purpose of disclosure. However, individual institutions may have specific forms they prefer or additional procedures for verifying requests. It can be helpful to complete a facility’s authorization form if required and to confirm acceptance in advance when possible. If a provider raises concerns about a form, we can help revise the authorization to meet institutional requirements while preserving your intended scope. Providing copies to providers in advance, along with clear identification of authorized recipients, reduces the risk of delays or refusal when records are requested under the authorization. Communication with the provider’s records department often resolves practical issues quickly.
A trust or will addresses property, distribution of assets, and management of finances, but they do not by themselves allow others to access medical records. A HIPAA Authorization specifically addresses the release of protected health information and is therefore necessary if you want designated individuals to receive medical updates or records. Including an authorization in your estate planning package ensures that those managing financial or care-related matters can obtain the medical information they need to carry out their duties effectively. For comprehensive planning, it is common to combine a trust, will, powers of attorney, advance health care directives, and HIPAA Authorizations so that financial, legal, and medical matters are coordinated. This cohesive approach ensures that the people appointed to manage assets and make health care decisions also have appropriate access to information, preventing administrative gaps when sensitive records are needed to support decision making.
To ensure quick access, provide copies of the HIPAA Authorization to your primary care physician, key specialists, and any facilities involved in your care. Also give copies to the individuals you have authorized, and consider giving an extra copy to a trusted attorney or family member for safekeeping. Confirm with providers that the authorization has been received and noted in your medical record. Keeping both digital and physical copies in accessible locations reduces delays when records are needed. Additionally, include clear contact information for authorized persons within the document and keep that information current. Regularly review and update the authorization after major life events to ensure the people listed can be reached and verified by medical staff. Taking these steps helps minimize administrative obstacles and supports timely communication when medical decisions arise.
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