Planning for a beloved animal companion’s future is an important part of responsible estate planning, especially in Los Altos and the surrounding areas. A pet trust directs funds for the ongoing care, housing, and medical needs of your pet after you are no longer able to provide for them. At the Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman we help clients structure pet trusts that reflect personal preferences for caregivers, frequency of veterinary care, and instructions for daily routines. This planning brings peace of mind by ensuring that pets receive consistent care in line with their owners’ wishes and lifestyle.
A well-drafted pet trust addresses more than just money: it identifies a caregiver, describes the pet’s daily needs and medical requirements, and sets a plan for funds to be used responsibly over time. For residents of Los Altos and all of Santa Clara County, careful arrangements can avoid family disagreements and reduce the risk of your pet entering a shelter. Our approach focuses on creating clear, legally sound provisions that honor your relationship with your pet while aligning with California law and practical considerations for implementation and ongoing oversight.
A pet trust offers legal protection and financial support specifically reserved for your pet’s care, which is not guaranteed by a simple will in all situations. By setting aside assets and appointing a trusted caregiver, pet owners can control the nature and quality of care their animal receives. Benefits include dedicated funds for food, grooming, routine and emergency medical treatment, and boarding if needed. For many Los Altos households, a pet trust reduces uncertainty after an owner’s death or incapacity and provides guidance to family members so the pet’s routine and health needs remain consistent.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman has assisted families across San Jose, Los Altos, and Santa Clara County with thoughtful estate planning for many years. Our practice emphasizes clear communication, careful drafting of trust documents, and practical solutions for real family dynamics. We help clients draft revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, financial powers of attorney, health care directives, and pet trusts tailored to individual circumstances. Clients value our attention to detail, responsive service, and ability to translate personal wishes into legally effective documents that protect loved ones and companion animals alike.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that provides for the care and maintenance of one or more animals when an owner is no longer able to care for them. In California, pet trusts can be standalone documents or provisions within a larger trust. Key elements include naming a caregiver, designating funds or assets for care, and appointing a fiduciary to manage the funds. Pet trusts can include detailed care instructions, veterinary preferences, and relocation plans. Understanding these components helps pet owners create a plan that reflects daily needs, long-term medical care, and the lifestyle best suited for their companion animals.
When creating a pet trust, it is important to balance specificity with flexibility so caregivers can respond to changing needs without being hampered by overly rigid instructions. Pet trusts often coordinate with related estate documents such as a pour-over will, certification of trust, or power of attorney to ensure funds are available and transferred correctly. Owners can designate an amount of money, name a trustee to manage those funds, and set monitoring or reporting requirements. Thoughtful drafting anticipates future expenses, potential changes in caregivers, and the reality of long lifespans for some animals.
A pet trust is a trust arrangement that dedicates money or property for the care of animals, with instructions for management and distribution of funds. It typically names a trustee to hold and distribute funds, a caregiver to provide daily care, and often a backup caregiver and trustee. The trust can define how funds are to be used, whether for food, grooming, medical care, or boarding, and may require detailed records or periodic accounting. Under California law, properly drafted pet trusts can be enforced by a court, giving the pet owner’s wishes legal weight and clarity.
Establishing a pet trust involves identifying the pet or pets, selecting a caregiver and trustee, specifying the amount of funding, and outlining a plan for the use and oversight of those funds. Practical steps include coordinating the trust with existing estate documents, funding the trust through a pour-over provision or direct transfer, and naming alternate caregivers. The process typically begins with a consultation to capture the owner’s priorities, followed by drafting tailored language and executing the trust in compliance with state law. Final steps include ensuring trustees and caregivers understand their roles and confirming access to funds when needed.
Knowing common terms makes it easier to plan, communicate, and implement a pet trust. Definitions clarify the roles of trustee and caregiver, explain funding mechanisms such as a testamentary pour-over, and outline monitoring options like periodic accounting or appointment of a trust protector. Familiarity with these elements helps pet owners make choices about oversight, duration of funding, and contingencies for changing circumstances. The glossary below provides plain-language explanations for terms you are likely to encounter while putting together a comprehensive plan for your companion animal.
A trustee is the person or entity responsible for holding and managing the funds designated in the pet trust, making distributions for the pet’s care according to the trust terms, and keeping records of expenditures. The trustee has a fiduciary duty to manage the trust funds prudently and disburse them consistent with the owner’s instructions. Choosing a trustee who is trustworthy, organized, and willing to communicate with the caregiver is important. The trustee may be an individual, a professional fiduciary, or a combination of caretakers and trustees, depending on the owner’s preferences.
A caregiver is the person who will assume day-to-day responsibility for the pet’s welfare, including feeding, exercise, grooming, and routine veterinary care. The caregiver is typically a friend or family member who agrees to take the pet into their home and follow the owner’s instructions. The pet trust can name a primary caregiver and one or more alternates to ensure continuity of care. Clear written instructions in the trust and an open dialogue with the chosen caregiver help prevent misunderstandings and ensure the pet’s lifestyle remains as close to the owner’s wishes as possible.
Funding the pet trust describes how assets are provided for the pet’s care, whether by direct gift to the trust, a transfer from a living trust, or a pour-over will that moves assets into the trust after probate. Funding should be sufficient to cover anticipated long-term expenses, including food, preventative care, emergency treatment, and boarding if needed. Owners often work with their attorney to estimate costs and choose appropriate funding sources. Unfunded trusts rely on later transfers, so confirming that assets are properly titled or allocated prevents shortfalls when care is required.
Monitoring and enforcement provisions create accountability for the use of trust funds and the pet’s welfare. Options include requiring the trustee to provide periodic accounting or written reports, appointing a trust protector with oversight powers, or naming an individual who can petition the court if terms are violated. These mechanisms help ensure funds are used as intended and allow for legal remedies if the caregiver or trustee deviates from the trust instructions. Thoughtful monitoring balances oversight with respect for the caregiver’s responsibilities and the pet’s well-being.
Several legal approaches exist for providing for a pet, including a standalone pet trust, a provision in a larger living trust, or directions in a will. A standalone pet trust or a provision in a trust can take effect without probate delay and often provides better protection for funds and oversight. Including pet care direction in a will may require probate and can delay implementation. Informal arrangements with family members lack enforceability and may leave pets at risk. Comparing these options helps owners pick a structure that meets their goals for timing, funding, and enforceability.
A limited approach may be appropriate when a pet’s care needs are minimal and short term, or when family members are already committed to assuming care without requiring financial support. For example, an older pet with predictable, low-cost needs or a situation where a close friend has agreed to act as caregiver without compensation might not require a fully funded trust. In such cases, a simple written instruction paired with a pour-over will or informal arrangement may provide sufficient guidance while avoiding more complex trust administration and oversight obligations.
When there is an identified caregiver who is willing and able to take responsibility for the pet without ongoing financial distribution, owners may opt for fewer formalities. An explicit designation in a will or a directive to family can be enough when confidence in the caregiver’s willingness is high and expected costs are manageable. However, even in these situations, documenting preferences, medical authorizations, and contact information helps avoid misunderstandings and supports a smoother transition if circumstances change or additional resources become necessary.
Comprehensive planning is advisable when a pet has long-term medical needs, when anticipated costs are significant, or when the owner desires precise control over care and funds. Pets with chronic conditions, advanced age, or complex behavioral needs may require ongoing veterinary attention that benefits from a reliable funding source and oversight. A comprehensive trust can set aside specific amounts, require receipts for significant expenses, and specify protocols for emergency care. This approach reduces uncertainty and helps ensure the pet’s quality of life is maintained according to the owner’s preferences.
When multiple family members or friends may vie for custody of a pet, or when there is potential for disagreement about care standards, a comprehensive trust clarifies expectations and reduces conflict. The trust can designate a primary caregiver, name alternates, and set rules for visitation, expenses, and oversight. When funds are involved, clear direction about how money is used prevents disputes and provides the trustee with authority to enforce the owner’s wishes. Comprehensive planning is particularly helpful for blended families or when relationships are complex.
A comprehensive pet trust offers enforceable protection for the pet’s welfare, reliable funding, and peace of mind for the owner. By documenting instructions and creating financial provisions, owners reduce the risk that a pet will face uncertain care or placement in a shelter. Trustees can be instructed to reimburse caregivers for reasonable expenses, and oversight provisions help monitor compliance. The combination of clear direction and financial support provides continuity and can preserve the pet’s established routines, housing, and medical care without placing undue burden on family members.
Comprehensive plans also help manage long-term administrative matters by addressing contingencies such as relocation, changing caregivers, or the need for additional funding. The trustee’s role ensures funds are used as intended and provides a channel for resolving disputes. For many owners, these benefits outweigh the initial complexity of drafting a trust, because the result is a reliable plan that upholds the owner’s values and provides a dignified future for their companion animal. Proper planning aligns legal, financial, and personal considerations in one cohesive document.
One primary advantage of a comprehensive pet trust is the assurance that funds are reserved and managed for the pet’s care according to the owner’s instructions. The trustee manages distributions, ensures expenses are reasonable and related to pet care, and can maintain records to demonstrate appropriate use. This financial structure reduces the risk that funds will be diverted for other purposes and helps caregivers afford necessary veterinary treatments without personal financial strain. For pets with special medical needs, this level of financial planning is particularly helpful.
By setting out detailed care instructions and naming both caregivers and alternates, a pet trust minimizes ambiguity that can lead to family disagreements. Clear provisions address everyday routines, medical protocols, and end-of-life preferences, guiding caregivers and trustees in decision making. This clarity fosters cooperation and reduces stress during an already emotional transition. When everyone understands the owner’s wishes and the mechanism for funding and oversight, the chance of conflict declines and the pet’s welfare is more likely to remain stable and consistent over time.
Selecting a caregiver who understands your pet’s routine and temperament is a central decision in creating a pet trust. Talk candidly with potential caregivers about expectations, daily schedules, medical preferences, and compensation for expenses. Naming one or more backup caregivers provides continuity if the primary caregiver cannot assume responsibility. Documenting these conversations in the trust and confirming the caregiver’s willingness reduces surprises later and helps ensure a smooth transition that maintains the pet’s familiar routine and environment to the greatest extent possible.
Integrating a pet trust with your wider estate plan avoids gaps and ensures assets are transferred as intended. Use pour-over provisions, revocable living trusts, or direct funding mechanisms to make sure the pet trust receives the assets you intend. Include healthcare directives and financial powers of attorney that allow appointed agents to make interim arrangements if you become temporarily incapacitated. Proper coordination reduces the likelihood of probate delays and makes it easier for trustees and caregivers to access funds and follow instructions promptly.
Many pet owners choose a pet trust because it provides legally enforceable instructions and financial resources dedicated to their animal’s care. A trust can name a caregiver, allocate funds, and describe medical or daily care preferences in a way that reduces uncertainty for friends and family. For Los Altos homeowners who see their pet as an integral family member, these legal tools ensure continuity of care and protection against placement in a shelter. The combination of financial planning and clear directives supports a stable future for the pet when an owner is no longer able to provide care.
Another reason to consider a pet trust is to minimize disputes and simplify responsibilities for caregivers and family members. By specifying how funds may be used and appointing a trustee to manage distributions, owners avoid placing undue financial burden on those who step in. Trust provisions can also address visitation rights, veterinary preferences, and end-of-life decisions, which reduce ambiguity and emotional stress. For many, the reassurance that a trusted plan is in place is a primary motivator for formalizing a pet trust as part of an overall estate plan.
Circumstances that commonly lead to creating a pet trust include the absence of an obvious or immediate caregiver, pets with significant medical needs, and owners who travel frequently or face potential incapacity. Blended families, multiple pets with varying needs, or concerns about future financial burdens on relatives are additional reasons to plan. Pet trusts are also appropriate when owners wish to express detailed lifestyle preferences for their companion animals or to designate enforceable oversight to ensure funds are used properly for the pet’s welfare.
When an owner does not have an identified caregiver ready to take in a pet, a pet trust creates a clear plan for locating and compensating a caregiver when needed. The trust can name a trusted friend, a rescue organization, or provide guidelines for selecting a caregiver consistent with the owner’s preferences. Financial provisions and oversight directives increase the likelihood that the pet will receive consistent attention and medical care, even if a perfect caregiver relationship must be established later.
Pets that require ongoing medication, frequent veterinary visits, or specialized diets benefit from the predictable funding and instructions a trust provides. The trust can allocate funds for routine and emergency treatment, specify preferred veterinarians, and require record keeping to ensure that funds are used appropriately. Owners of such animals often want assurances that treatments will continue without interruption and that caregivers have the financial support needed to maintain the pet’s quality of life.
Many owners create pet trusts specifically to avoid the possibility that a pet will be surrendered to a shelter if there is no plan in place. By naming caregivers, allocating funds, and setting clear instructions, owners make it far more likely that their animals will remain in a caring home. A trust can include directions for rehoming only under certain conditions and can designate a trusted rescue organization with instructions for placement if necessary, minimizing the risk of immediate shelter placement.
We provide personalized pet trust services to residents of Los Altos and the greater Santa Clara County area, combining legal know-how with practical planning. Whether you need a simple provision added to a living trust or a comprehensive standalone pet trust, we help identify caregivers, estimate funding needs, and draft clear instructions to protect your animal’s future. Our office assists with coordination among related documents such as pour-over wills, powers of attorney, and health care directives to create a cohesive plan that will function smoothly when activated.
Clients choose our office because we provide careful drafting, practical recommendations, and responsive client service tailored to the needs of pet owners. We focus on translating your personal preferences into enforceable trust language that is compatible with California law and local practice. Our guidance helps identify appropriate funding mechanisms, caregivers, and oversight arrangements so the trust operates as intended. We also review estate documents to ensure consistency and avoid conflicts that might otherwise delay or frustrate the implementation of your pet care plan.
We also prioritize clear communication and accessibility during the planning process. From discussing funding options to explaining trustee responsibilities and caregiver expectations, our goal is to make the process straightforward and reassuring. We assist with practical tasks such as estimating long-term costs, drafting contingency plans for multiple pets, and naming alternates for caregivers and trustees. Our practice offers hands-on support to help clients finalize documents, coordinate signatures, and ensure that the finished plan is ready when it is needed most.
Finally, we follow up to help clients keep plans current as circumstances change. Life events such as moving, changes in family dynamics, or a pet’s evolving medical needs may require revisiting trust terms or funding provisions. We encourage periodic review and provide updates to documents when appropriate, so your pet trust remains effective and aligned with your wishes. This ongoing approach helps maintain continuity and reduces the risk of unintended outcomes later.
Our process begins with a detailed consultation to understand your pet’s needs, your priorities, and your family circumstances. We gather information about the pet’s age, health, routine, and any existing arrangements, then discuss funding options and caregiver choices. After agreeing on objectives, we draft tailored trust language, review it with you, and make revisions until you are satisfied. Once finalized, we assist with proper execution and coordination with other estate documents, and we provide guidance on preserving access to funds when the trust becomes active.
The first step is an exploratory meeting where we discuss your goals for the pet trust, review the animal’s needs, and determine potential caregivers and trustees. We will also review existing estate planning documents such as a revocable living trust, will, powers of attorney, and health care directives to ensure coordination. This stage includes gathering financial information to estimate funding needs and identifying any immediate contingencies that should be addressed in the trust language. Clear communication at this stage enables efficient drafting and fewer revisions later.
During the initial phase we examine existing estate planning documents to confirm how a pet trust will integrate with your broader plan. This review helps ensure that pour-over provisions, trustee appointments, and beneficiary designations do not conflict with the pet trust’s funding or administration. We will suggest amendments when necessary to achieve a cohesive and enforceable structure. Proper coordination reduces the risk of delays and ensures funds are available to carry out the pet care instructions when the trust becomes operative.
Selecting appropriate caregivers and trustees is a key part of the first step. We discuss potential individuals or organizations, explore their willingness and capacity to care for the pet, and consider naming alternates. We also guide clients on trustee qualities that support sound financial management and transparent communication with caregivers. This stage includes preparing consent language and making sure designated parties understand their roles and responsibilities to prevent surprises when the trust is activated.
Once initial decisions are made, we prepare the draft trust, including detailed instructions for care, funding provisions, trustee duties, and monitoring mechanisms. The draft addresses contingencies such as relocation of caregivers, changes in pet health, and the eventual disposition of remaining funds. We review the draft with you, incorporate feedback, and finalize language that accurately reflects your intentions. The final document is prepared for execution in accordance with California legal requirements to ensure validity and enforceability.
During drafting we encourage careful review and open dialogue to make sure all instructions are clear and manageable. We revise language to remove ambiguities, add fallback provisions, and tailor distributions to realistic expenses. This collaborative process ensures the trust is user-friendly for trustees and caregivers and that it reflects the owner’s priorities while accommodating practical administrative needs. We also discuss options for monitoring and reporting to ensure accountability without imposing undue burdens on caregivers.
After finalizing the documents, we guide clients through proper execution and funding steps so the trust becomes operational as intended. Funding may involve transferring assets into the trust, updating beneficiary designations, or creating pour-over language in a will to move assets into the trust after probate. We provide checklists and assistance with account titling and beneficiary changes when needed, and we confirm that the trustee can access funds as required to provide uninterrupted care for the pet.
After the trust is in place, we offer guidance on ongoing administration including trustee accounting, adjustments for cost changes, and updating caregiver designations. Periodic review ensures that the trust still reflects current wishes and that funding remains adequate as the pet ages or medical needs evolve. We can assist trustees with interpreting the trust terms and resolving disputes or questions that arise during administration, providing continuity and practical problem solving to help the pet receive consistent and intentional care.
Support for trustees often includes helping them understand permissible distributions, bookkeeping best practices, and how to respond to caregiver requests for reimbursement. Good record keeping of expenses related to food, veterinary care, and other services strengthens the trust’s administration and ensures transparency. We provide templates and guidance for periodic accounting and can advise trustees when questions arise about the reasonableness of expenses or the interpretation of care instructions.
We recommend periodic reviews of the pet trust to ensure that funding remains adequate and that designated caregivers remain willing and able to serve. Life changes such as relocation, new family circumstances, or evolving medical needs may require updates to trust provisions or funding levels. Contingency planning includes naming alternates and specifying procedures for unexpected situations. Regular updates help maintain the intended level of care and reduce the risk of administrative or financial complications later on.
A pet trust is a legal instrument designed specifically to ensure the care and maintenance of your animal companions after you are unable to provide for them. Unlike a simple bequest in a will, a pet trust appoints a trustee to hold and manage funds for the pet’s care, sets out how the funds should be used, and can include oversight mechanisms to enforce those directions. Because the trustee has a formal duty to administer funds according to the trust terms, this arrangement provides greater assurance that resources will be used for the pet rather than being commingled or misdirected. Leaving money to a caregiver in a will may result in a lump-sum payment that lacks specific safeguards and may be subject to probate delay. A pet trust allows for ongoing distributions, clear instructions on medical and daily care, and naming alternates for caregivers and trustees. The trust can also include reporting requirements so the owner’s wishes for the pet’s care are documented and more likely to be followed, offering stronger protections than an informal bequest alone.
Estimating the appropriate funding level for a pet trust depends on several factors including your pet’s age, breed, current health status, anticipated lifespan, and likely veterinary needs. It is helpful to consult with your veterinarian to project routine costs and consider setting aside additional funds for emergencies, special treatments, or long-term medications. In urban areas like Los Altos, costs for veterinary services and boarding can be higher, so building a reasonable cushion in the trust is advisable to prevent shortfalls and ensure continuous care. Your attorney can help translate those estimates into trust provisions that account for inflation, investment strategy, and trustee discretion for reasonable expenses. Funding methods vary: some owners transfer a specific sum into the trust, others use a pour-over will to direct assets into the trust upon death. A combination of realistic cost estimation and clear trustee distribution guidelines is the best approach to ensure funds remain available and are used only for the pet’s welfare.
Yes, you can name a rescue organization, shelter, or charitable entity as a beneficiary or caretaker in your pet trust, provided the organization is willing to accept that responsibility and the trust terms meet its requirements. Some organizations have policies about accepting animals under trust arrangements, so it is important to discuss your plans with them in advance. When a nonprofit organization is named, the trust should clarify how funds will be applied to the pet’s care and whether any remaining funds should be used for similar animals or returned to a designated beneficiary.
If a pet trust includes a provision for the disposition of remaining funds after the pet passes away, those instructions will govern the trustee’s actions. Common provisions direct residual funds to a named individual, a charitable organization, or to another trust purpose. Some owners choose to leave surplus funds to a favorite rescue organization or a relative who supported the pet’s care. Absent clear instructions, the trustee must follow trust law and any fallback provisions, which could result in court involvement to determine appropriate disposition. It is important to include explicit instructions about residual funds to prevent disputes and ensure your wishes are followed. Discussing potential outcomes with your attorney and naming alternates provides clarity and reduces the likelihood that funds will be misapplied or subject to litigation after the pet’s death.
Choosing a trustee requires balancing financial management ability with reliability and willingness to serve. Trustees handle distributions, maintain records, and communicate with caregivers, so selecting someone who is organized, trustworthy, and familiar with your wishes is important. Some owners prefer a family member combined with a professional trustee or a local attorney to ensure both personal knowledge and dependable administration. The key is to choose someone who will follow the trust terms and treat the funds exclusively for the pet’s benefit. Trustee responsibilities should be spelled out in the trust and may include maintaining accounts, making regular distributions to the caregiver, requiring receipts for significant expenses, and providing periodic accounting. Naming alternate trustees helps ensure continuity if the primary trustee cannot serve. Clear written expectations and backup appointments reduce the risk of administrative gaps and help the pet’s caregiver access funds when needed.
A properly drafted pet trust can explicitly cover boarding, specialized medical care, surgeries, and other veterinary treatments, provided the funds are used according to the trust terms. Owners can specify limits or guidelines for emergency interventions and elective procedures, name preferred veterinarians, and require that significant medical decisions involve consultation with a specified individual. This flexibility allows owners to address complex medical scenarios while preserving trustee discretion for urgent or unforeseen needs. Including clear standards for what constitutes reasonable expenses and instructions for high-cost interventions helps the trustee and caregiver make aligned decisions. The trust can also require periodic reports of major expenditures and define an approval process for particularly costly treatments, which balances the need for timely care with responsible stewardship of trust assets.
A pet trust can be structured to avoid some probate delays when funded during life or when assets pass into the trust via pour-over provisions tied to a revocable living trust. When a pet trust is properly funded and managed, the trustee can access funds without relying on probate to authorize distributions. This accelerates the ability to provide care for the pet and reduces administrative hurdles that might otherwise delay access to money needed for immediate expenses. However, if the trust is not funded or if the funding depends on probate transfers, there may still be delays. Ensuring that accounts and assets are titled correctly and that pour-over mechanisms are in place can minimize probate involvement. Working with an attorney to properly fund the trust and coordinate related estate documents is essential to avoid unintended probate complications.
Reviewing a pet trust periodically is advisable, particularly after major life events such as moving, marriage, divorce, death of a named caregiver or trustee, or significant changes in your pet’s health. Regular reviews help ensure that funding levels remain adequate, caregivers are still willing to serve, and instructions continue to match your wishes. We recommend reviewing your plan at least every few years or whenever circumstances change appreciably, so the trust remains effective and practical when needed. Triggers for updates include relocation to a different state, changes in veterinary needs, or significant shifts in financial resources. Keeping contact information current for named parties and confirming their willingness to serve prevents administrative surprises. Periodic discussions with your attorney help you adjust terms, funding, and named roles to keep the trust aligned with your current intentions.
Tax consequences for a pet trust depend on how it is funded and the type of trust used. Generally, a pet trust funded as part of a personal estate plan does not create separate income tax issues for the pet, but trustees should be mindful of any taxable income generated by trust assets, such as interest or investment returns. The trustee may need to file tax returns and report income if the trust holds assets that generate taxable income prior to distribution for care expenses. Estate tax considerations may apply to larger estates, so owners with significant assets should discuss potential estate tax implications with their attorney and tax advisor. Structuring the trust thoughtfully and considering funding methods can help manage potential tax outcomes while prioritizing the pet’s care needs and the owner’s overall estate planning objectives.
To begin planning a pet trust in Los Altos, start by documenting your pet’s routine, health history, and any special preferences or medical instructions. Identify potential caregivers and trustees and discuss the arrangement with them to confirm their willingness to serve. Gather financial information to estimate funding needs and assemble existing estate planning documents so your attorney can assess how a pet trust will integrate with your overall plan. Clear documentation at the outset streamlines the drafting process and reduces the need for later revisions. Next, schedule a consultation with an attorney who handles estate planning and pet trust matters to explore funding options and draft tailored trust language. During this meeting you can determine the level of oversight you want, set contingency plans, and discuss how the trust will be funded. With these steps complete, you will have a solid foundation for creating legally effective provisions that ensure your pet’s ongoing care.
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