A pet trust provides a legal framework to ensure that a beloved animal receives care and financial support if an owner becomes incapacitated or passes away. In Guerneville and throughout Sonoma County, a well-drafted pet trust names a caregiver, allocates funds for care, and sets out instructions for the pet’s daily needs, medical care, and end-of-life arrangements. The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman can prepare documents tailored to local laws and your pet’s unique needs, coordinating trust provisions with related estate planning documents so the transition is clear and enforceable under California law.
Setting up a pet trust involves careful choices about who will care for the animal, how funds will be managed, and what instructions will guide the caregiver. Typical arrangements include naming a primary caregiver and backup, designating a trustee to manage funds, and providing directions for veterinary care and living arrangements. A comprehensive plan also coordinates with a pour-over will or other estate documents so that assets transfer smoothly into the trust upon your passing. This approach helps reduce uncertainty and provides peace of mind that your pet’s needs will be met in the future.
A pet trust offers both practical and legal protections that ordinary instructions in a will may not reliably deliver. By creating an enforceable trust, you can set aside funds specifically for pet care, appoint a trustee to oversee those funds, and impose clear conditions for payment. This reduces the risk that heirs will misallocate resources or that caregivers will lack means to cover ongoing expenses. In addition, a trust can provide detailed care instructions, ensuring consistent treatment and preserving your pet’s routine. For owners in Guerneville, a pet trust ensures that local caregivers and veterinarians can follow legally backed directions for the animal’s long-term welfare.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman is focused on delivering clear, practical estate planning solutions to families across California, including pet trust planning for clients in Guerneville and throughout Sonoma County. Our team works closely with each client to understand their wishes for their animals and to draft documents that reflect those priorities while complying with state law. We emphasize careful drafting, coordination with related estate documents, and realistic funding plans so trustees and caregivers can carry out your directions without unnecessary disputes or delays. Our process is grounded in client communication and tailored legal drafting.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that designates funds and instructions for the care of a pet after the owner can no longer provide for them. Under California law, pet trusts are recognized and enforceable, allowing owners to name a trustee to manage money for the pet’s care and a caregiver to provide day-to-day support. The trust can outline the pet’s medical regimen, living environment, dietary needs, and long-term plans, such as transfer to a rescue organization if necessary. Proper planning also addresses funding sources and the duration of payments to ensure ongoing care for the pet’s lifetime or a specified period.
When creating a pet trust, important choices include selecting a trustee who will manage funds responsibly and a caregiver who will provide hands-on care. The trust should provide clear authority for the trustee to disburse funds for expenses like veterinary care, grooming, boarding, and medications. It is also important to include backup nominees in case primary individuals are unable to serve, and to set procedures for oversight or reporting to prevent misuse. A well-constructed trust anticipates practical scenarios and gives the trustee enough flexibility to make sensible decisions for the pet’s welfare within the owner’s guidelines.
A pet trust is a legally binding trust created to provide for the care and maintenance of an animal. It typically names a trustee to hold and manage funds, a caregiver to provide daily care, and sets out instructions regarding the animal’s care, medical needs, and eventual disposition. The trust can be revocable or irrevocable during the owner’s lifetime depending on the owner’s wishes and related planning goals. Funding mechanisms may include direct funding at the owner’s death via a pour-over will, transfers of assets while living, or a designation from an estate. The trust language should be clear to avoid ambiguity and to allow the trustee to act promptly for the pet’s welfare.
Establishing a pet trust commonly involves selecting a caregiver and trustee, determining the amount of funding needed, drafting specific care instructions, and integrating the trust with other estate planning documents. The trustee’s responsibilities include managing funds, making payments for veterinary and living expenses, and following the owner’s stated preferences for treatment and housing. The owner must decide how the trust will be funded and whether the trust is to last for the animal’s natural life or a predetermined period. Finalizing the trust also involves considering contingencies, such as what happens if the caregiver cannot continue caring for the pet, and naming successors accordingly.
Understanding common legal terms can make pet trust planning less intimidating. This glossary explains the essential concepts and roles associated with a pet trust so owners can make informed decisions. Clear definitions help clarify responsibilities and the flow of funds, and they show how the trust fits into a broader estate plan. This section covers terms that property owners and caregivers will encounter during the drafting and administration stages, including trustee duties, caregiver roles, funding options, and enforcement mechanisms recognized under California law.
The trustee is the individual or entity responsible for managing the assets set aside in the pet trust. Duties typically include safeguarding funds, making payments for veterinary care and daily expenses, maintaining records, and distributing funds consistent with the trust’s terms. The trustee has a fiduciary duty to act in the pet’s best interest as defined by the trust language, and should be someone who is trustworthy and capable of handling financial matters. Selecting a reliable trustee helps ensure that funds are available and allocated appropriately for the animal’s ongoing care and well-being.
The caregiver is the person who provides direct day-to-day care for the pet, following the owner’s instructions for feeding, exercise, grooming, veterinary visits, and living arrangements. Caregivers are responsible for attending to the pet’s emotional and physical needs and for communicating with the trustee regarding expenses and any significant health issues. It is often helpful to name a primary caregiver and one or more backups to avoid disruption in care. Written instructions within the trust can guide the caregiver’s decisions and clarify expectations about the use of trust funds for the pet’s benefits.
Funding refers to the assets or money allocated to the pet trust to cover the animal’s ongoing needs. Common funding sources include transfers made during the owner’s lifetime, a pour-over will that moves assets into the trust after death, or direct bequests to the trust from the estate. Funding levels should reflect reasonable estimates for veterinary care, routine maintenance, emergency treatment, boarding, and possible long-term expenses. Clear funding plans help trustees provide consistent care and reduce the likelihood of disputes about whether sufficient resources are available for the pet’s welfare.
Duration and terms specify how long the pet trust will provide benefits and under what conditions funds may be used. A trust can be set to continue for the pet’s natural lifespan or for a defined period. It should also outline conditions for termination, such as in the event of the pet’s passing, transfer to a rescue organization, or depletion of trust funds. Clear terms reduce ambiguity and guide trustees in making decisions about long-term care and final arrangements. Detailed instructions ensure the owner’s intentions are respected and provide legal backing for the trustee’s actions.
When planning for a pet’s future, owners can choose between several legal options such as a pet trust, provisions in a will, or informal caregiving arrangements. A pet trust offers enforceability and clear funding mechanisms, whereas a provision in a will may be more vulnerable to misinterpretation and delay. Informal agreements rely heavily on the caregiver’s goodwill and may lack legal remedies if funds are misused. Evaluating options involves examining enforceability, speed of access to funds, oversight, and the ability to direct specific care instructions. A pet trust generally provides the most direct legal path to ensure consistent care with financial backing.
A limited approach may be appropriate when a pet’s needs are minimal, when trusted family or friends have agreed informally to provide care, or when the owner prefers simple arrangements without establishing a separate legal entity. For pets expected to require only basic daily care or when the owner’s estate is small, a clear letter of instruction and a direct bequest in a will may suffice. However, informal plans depend on the caregiver’s willingness to follow instructions and on the timeliness of access to funds. Owners should consider whether a formal trust would better ensure ongoing resources and enforceability.
In some situations, owners have close, reliable relationships with potential caregivers who are prepared to assume responsibility immediately and manage the pet’s needs without formal oversight. When that level of trust exists and when financial arrangements can be handled directly, a straightforward will provision or gift may be acceptable. Careful documentation and open communication with the caregiver about funds and instructions can reduce confusion. Owners should still consider backup plans in case the primary caregiver becomes unavailable or unwilling to continue the responsibility in the future.
A comprehensive approach is generally recommended when a pet has complex medical needs, when substantial assets are necessary for ongoing care, or when the owner wants clear enforcement mechanisms. Complex conditions require detailed instructions for medical care, medication schedules, and provider contacts, which a trust can document and enforce. When significant funds are allocated, naming a trustee and setting reporting or oversight requirements helps ensure funds are used appropriately. A full plan anticipates contingencies, names backups, and integrates the pet trust with the rest of the estate plan to avoid delays and disputes.
Owners who want legal assurance that their pet’s care directions will be followed benefit from a comprehensive plan that creates enforceable obligations and oversight. A trust allows the owner to specify remedies if directives are ignored and to require periodic accounting from the trustee. These features protect the pet’s welfare and provide reassurance that funds will be used as intended. When an owner anticipates potential family disagreements or complex family dynamics, a carefully drafted trust clarifies roles and reduces the likelihood of litigation among heirs or caregivers over the pet’s care and trust assets.
A comprehensive pet trust delivers multiple benefits, including legal enforceability, dedicated funding, and clear instructions for care and disposition. This approach reduces ambiguity for trustees and caregivers, allows for accountability through reporting or oversight provisions, and helps ensure that funds are available to meet medical and daily care needs. By integrating the pet trust with the owner’s overall estate plan, assets can move into the trust efficiently and without unnecessary delay. Owners gain confidence that their pets will receive consistent care in accordance with their documented wishes.
Another advantage of a comprehensive plan is the ability to tailor instructions to the pet’s specific needs, whether involving chronic medical treatment, dietary requirements, or behavioral considerations. Owners can designate backup caregivers, set up emergency procedures, and establish criteria for relocation or placement if circumstances change. Trustees can be given flexible authority to pay for reasonable expenses and to make decisions that balance the pet’s needs with the available resources. These elements combine to create a reliable, long-term solution for a pet’s welfare after the owner’s incapacity or death.
Dedicated funding ensures that money set aside for the pet is used for the pet’s care and not consumed by other estate expenses or disputes. A trustee oversees those funds, pays bills, and maintains records to demonstrate that disbursements align with the trust’s terms. Financial oversight can include accounting requirements or periodic reporting to a responsible party, providing transparency and reducing the risk of mismanagement. This structure helps caregivers focus on the animal’s well-being without bearing undue financial burdens, and it helps the owner’s intent to be carried out predictably.
Providing explicit care instructions minimizes guesswork and ensures consistent treatment by caregivers. A comprehensive trust can include preferences for veterinary providers, medication protocols, dietary requirements, exercise routines, and end-of-life decisions. Contingency planning—such as naming alternate caregivers and trustees, or setting conditions for transfer to a rescue organization—prevents interruptions in care. These provisions reduce stress for caregivers, provide reliable guidance during emotional times, and help ensure that a pet’s routine and health needs remain priorities even after the owner’s passing or incapacity.
Selecting the right caregiver and trustee is one of the most important decisions when creating a pet trust. The caregiver will provide daily care and follow instructions about feeding, exercise, and veterinary treatment, while the trustee will manage funds and make payments. Choose people who understand the responsibilities, are willing to act promptly when needed, and who have a stable relationship with the pet. It’s wise to name backup choices in case primary individuals become unavailable, and to discuss expectations with those nominated so there are no surprises when the time comes.
Estimate the costs of regular care, potential medical emergencies, and long-term needs to determine an appropriate funding level for the trust. Consider whether funds will come from assets transferred during life, a pour-over will, or a combination of sources. Establish oversight measures such as accounting requirements, periodic reviews, or an independent party who can raise concerns if funds are not being used properly. Well-planned funding and oversight give caregivers and trustees the resources and guidance necessary to provide reliable, compassionate care for the pet over time.
Pet owners choose to create pet trusts to ensure continuity of care, to reserve dedicated funds for their animal’s needs, and to memorialize specific instructions about the pet’s lifestyle and medical treatment. A trust clarifies who will care for the animal, how expenses will be covered, and what should happen if the caregiver can no longer provide care. For residents of Guerneville and Sonoma County, a pet trust provides legal remedies and enforceable mechanisms so that the owner’s wishes have a clear path to implementation, minimizing confusion and emotional strain for family members and caregivers.
Beyond funding and care directives, pet trusts help owners avoid unintended outcomes such as funds being diverted for other estate expenses or disputes among heirs over pet custody. A trust can name successors to both caregiver and trustee roles, set conditions for payments, and require regular accounting to ensure proper stewardship. These features protect the pet’s welfare and provide transparency, giving owners confidence that plans will be carried out. Thoughtful planning addresses foreseeable circumstances and supports a smooth transition of care if the owner becomes incapacitated or dies.
Pet trusts are especially helpful in circumstances such as owner incapacity, death, long-term travel, or when a pet has ongoing medical needs that require continued financial support. They are also valuable when owners lack immediate family nearby or when relationships among potential caregivers could lead to disagreements. In such cases, a pet trust sets expectations in advance and ensures funds are available to meet care requirements. The structure and enforceability of a trust can prevent delays that might otherwise leave a pet without required attention during a difficult time.
If an owner becomes incapacitated due to illness or accident, a pet trust provides instructions and funding so the animal continues to receive care without interruption. The trustee can authorize payments for boarding, veterinary visits, or temporary foster arrangements while the caregiver focuses on the owner’s immediate needs. By planning in advance, owners reduce the burden on family members and ensure the pet’s daily routine and medical protocols are maintained. This preparation removes uncertainty and secures a pathway for consistent, authorized caregiving during challenging circumstances.
When an owner dies, a pet trust allows for swift transfer of resources and authority to ensure the pet’s care continues seamlessly. The trustee can access funds to cover immediate expenses like veterinary care, sheltering, and relocation to the caregiver’s home. Clear instructions and named caregivers enable a prompt transition, reducing stress for the animal. A trust removes ambiguity about the owner’s wishes, making it easier for family members and caregivers to honor the intended arrangements without lengthy disputes or probate delays that might otherwise hamper access to funds for the pet’s needs.
Animals with chronic health conditions, behavioral issues, or ongoing medication needs require consistent care and predictable funding, which a pet trust can provide. Detailed instructions regarding medication schedules, treatment preferences, and emergency contacts help caregivers maintain a continuity of care suited to the pet’s condition. Funding provisions ensure that necessary treatments can be paid for, and trustees can be tasked with arranging specialized care when needed. Planning for these circumstances reduces the risk that important medical needs will go unmet and that the pet’s quality of life will suffer.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman offers pet trust services tailored to the needs of Guerneville residents and nearby communities. We work with clients to create clear, enforceable documents that identify caregivers, trustees, funding sources, and detailed instructions for pet care. Our approach includes practical recommendations about funding levels, care directives, and contingency planning so pets are protected in case of owner incapacity or death. We coordinate pet trusts with wills and revocable living trusts to ensure assets transfer properly and caregivers have timely access to funds for the animal’s needs.
Choosing legal representation for a pet trust ensures that the trust document is properly drafted, complies with California law, and integrates with your broader estate plan. We help clients think through funding strategies, name successors, create enforceable instructions, and address potential disputes. Our drafting focuses on clarity and practical application so trustees and caregivers can act immediately in the pet’s best interest. By handling the legal details, we aim to reduce the administrative burden on family members and provide a dependable structure for long-term pet care.
Our services include a review of your current estate planning documents to identify how a pet trust fits into your overall plan, recommendations for caregiving and trustee arrangements, and drafting of the trust and related documents such as a pour-over will or certification of trust. We also discuss funding options and oversight mechanisms to preserve funds and validate appropriate expenditures. This comprehensive process minimizes uncertainty and helps ensure the pet’s needs are met consistently without causing undue strain on surviving family members or caregivers.
We also assist with updating or modifying existing plans when life changes occur, such as changes in living arrangements, new health concerns for your pet, or changes among named caregivers and trustees. Regular review and updates help keep the trust aligned with current circumstances and ensure that all contact information, medical records, and funding mechanisms remain accurate. Our goal is to provide clients with practical, defensible documents that support their wishes and protect their animals over the long term.
Our process begins with an initial consultation to understand your pet’s needs, family dynamics, and financial situation. We gather medical records, identify potential caregivers and trustees, and discuss funding preferences. Next, we draft a pet trust tailored to those specifics, integrate it with your estate plan, and review the proposed documents with you to ensure they reflect your instructions. Once finalized, we assist with execution and advise on steps to fund the trust, such as asset transfers or coordinating a pour-over will, so funds will be available when needed for the pet’s care.
During the initial consultation, we collect detailed information about the pet’s medical history, daily routine, and special care needs, as well as your preferences for caregivers and trustees. We also discuss the owner’s broader estate planning objectives and available assets for funding the trust. This phase includes exploring potential contingencies and the practicalities of caregiving in Guerneville or elsewhere. By understanding these elements early, we can draft instructions and funding plans that are realistic and tailored to the pet’s expected lifetime needs and the owner’s wishes.
We talk through the daily care routine, medical providers, and preferences for living arrangements to ensure the trust reflects the pet’s established lifestyle. Clients are encouraged to identify a primary caregiver and alternates, and to communicate their wishes to those individuals. We also advise on documenting medical histories and obtaining written commitments where possible. This preparation helps streamline transitions and reduces stress during difficult times by ensuring caregivers understand expectations and the financial support that will be available through the trust.
We provide guidance on estimating reasonable ongoing costs including routine veterinary care, supplies, grooming, and potential emergency treatments. This estimate informs the amount of funding to place in the trust or to anticipate through estate transfers. We discuss funding options such as transfers during life, beneficiary designations, or a pour-over will to move assets into the trust upon death. Proper funding helps trustees respond to unexpected needs and reduces the chance that caregivers will have to absorb costs personally.
After gathering information and confirming funding intentions, we prepare a draft pet trust that outlines the trustee’s duties, caregiver responsibilities, funding mechanisms, care instructions, and contingency plans. The draft is reviewed with the client to ensure accuracy and to address any concerns. Amendments are made until the document aligns with the client’s wishes. Clear language is prioritized to avoid ambiguity and to ensure the trustee and caregiver understand their roles. The final document is prepared for proper execution under California legal requirements.
The trust defines the trustee’s authority to manage funds, pay expenses, keep records, and provide for the pet’s care, while the caregiver’s duties cover daily care and communication with the trustee. We define acceptable expenditures, the frequency of accounting, and any oversight measures the owner wants to include. Clarity about these roles reduces the risk of miscommunication and helps ensure that both fiduciary management and hands-on care operate in tandem to meet the pet’s needs effectively and respectfully.
We ensure the pet trust integrates with wills, revocable living trusts, and beneficiary designations so that funding occurs smoothly and without unintended conflicts. A pour-over will can direct assets to the trust upon death, while certification of trust documents can assist institutions in recognizing the trustee’s authority. Coordination prevents gaps that might delay access to funds and helps preserve the owner’s instructions. Our drafting anticipates how assets will move into the trust and provides practical guidance for trustees to act promptly when necessary.
Execution and funding are critical to put the pet trust into effect. We guide clients through the signing process, notarization, and any additional formalities required by law. Funding may include transferring assets during life, designating the trust as beneficiary of accounts, or using a pour-over will to move estate assets into the trust at death. We also provide instructions for sharing the trust documents with caregivers, trustees, and veterinarians so they can act immediately when needed. Proper implementation ensures the plan functions when called upon.
We coordinate the signing, witnessing, and notarization of trust documents to ensure validity under California law. We also advise clients on securely storing originals and providing copies to trustees and caregivers. Proper execution reduces the risk of later challenges and ensures that institutions will recognize the trust when trustees seek access to funds. We can provide guidance on who should retain copies and how to update contact information so the plan remains practical and operative over time.
Life changes such as relocation, changes in caregivers, or new medical conditions for the pet may require updates to the trust. We recommend periodic reviews to confirm that funding levels remain adequate, that named individuals are still willing and able to serve, and that care instructions reflect current medical guidance. Making timely amendments keeps the plan aligned with changing circumstances and ensures the pet continues to receive appropriate care under the owner’s intended provisions.
A pet trust is a legal arrangement that sets aside funds and instructions to provide for an animal’s care if the owner becomes unable to care for the pet. It names a trustee to manage funds and a caregiver to provide daily care, and it allows the owner to specify medical, dietary, and housing preferences. Because the trust holds assets separately and creates legal obligations, it reduces uncertainty and provides practical means for payment of veterinary bills, boarding, and other necessary expenses. The trust can also include contingency provisions for naming backup caregivers and trustees, and for transferring the animal to a rescue organization if necessary. By specifying these details in a legally recognized document, owners can increase the likelihood that their wishes for their pet will be followed and that funds will be available when needed to ensure consistent, competent care.
Selecting a caregiver and trustee involves considering reliability, willingness, proximity, and ability to follow care instructions. The caregiver should be someone who understands the pet’s routine and can provide daily attention, while the trustee should be comfortable managing financial matters and overseeing payment for expenses. It is often helpful to choose backup options in case primary designees become unavailable. Discuss your plans with nominated individuals before naming them to confirm their willingness to serve and to ensure there are no surprises. Providing written instructions and medical records to the caregiver, and clear authority and accounting expectations to the trustee, helps both parties fulfill their roles effectively when the time comes.
Estimating funding for a pet trust requires considering routine expenses, potential emergency treatments, and the pet’s likely lifespan. Routine costs include food, grooming, vaccinations, and regular veterinary checkups, while unforeseen medical needs can be significant. It helps to obtain current estimates from your veterinarian and to consider a reserve for emergencies. Planning with conservative estimates allows trustees to respond to unexpected needs without depleting funds prematurely. You can fund the trust during your lifetime or provide for funding through your estate using a pour-over will. The amount set aside should be sufficient to cover the pet’s foreseeable needs and any contingencies you anticipate. Periodic reassessment of funding levels ensures the trust remains adequate as costs and circumstances change.
Yes, a pet trust can be integrated with your existing estate plan. Commonly, a pour-over will is used to transfer assets into the pet trust at death, or funds may be transferred into the trust during your lifetime. Coordination ensures there are no gaps that delay access to funds for the pet’s care, and that trustees have the authority to manage resources consistent with your wishes. When adding a pet trust to an estate plan, it is important to review beneficiary designations, retirement accounts, and other instruments to ensure they support the trust’s funding strategy. Proper integration reduces the risk of conflict among heirs and ensures the pet trust operates smoothly when needed.
A well-drafted pet trust includes contingency provisions that name successor caregivers and trustees if primary choices are unable or unwilling to serve. These backup nominations reduce the likelihood of disruption in care. The trust can also specify procedures for identifying a new caregiver and for distributing funds to that individual under defined conditions. If no suitable individuals are available, the trust can provide for transfer to a rescue organization or shelter designated by the owner. Including these options in the trust language ensures there are predefined steps to follow, maintaining the pet’s welfare and preventing unnecessary delays in finding appropriate care.
Pet trusts are recognized and enforceable under California law, which allows trust provisions that provide for the care of an animal. Because the trust creates legal duties and allocates funds specifically for the pet’s benefit, trustees and caregivers have legal authority to act as provided in the trust. Courts can enforce the trustee’s obligations and address misuse of funds consistent with trust terms. Ensuring that the trust is properly drafted, executed, and funded helps strengthen enforceability. Consulting with a legal professional familiar with California trust law helps owners create clear, practical language that demonstrates intent and sets forth enforceable mechanisms for oversight and accountability.
Including detailed medical instructions in the trust helps caregivers and veterinarians make informed decisions consistent with the owner’s preferences. Specify medication schedules, known allergies, preferred treatment options, and any limits on aggressive interventions. Provide contact information for current veterinarians and permission for the caregiver to obtain medical records and pay for necessary services from the trust funds. For end-of-life decisions, include clear guidance on euthanasia preferences, burial or cremation arrangements, and whether a chosen rescue organization should be contacted. Clear, compassionate instructions reduce ambiguity during emotionally difficult times and give caregivers confidence to act in ways that reflect the owner’s values.
A will can include a provision for a pet but may be less effective because wills typically must pass through probate before assets become available, which can cause delays in funding and transfer. A pet trust provides a faster, enforceable mechanism with a trustee who can access funds and pay for immediate care. Trusts also allow more detailed instructions and ongoing oversight than a simple bequest in a will. That said, wills are still useful for directing assets into a pet trust via a pour-over provision. Combining a will with a pet trust can provide both the necessary funding path and the enforceable structure for ongoing care, balancing the strengths of each document.
To ensure funds are used properly, the trust can require the trustee to provide periodic accounting, receipts for major expenses, and oversight provisions such as a monitor or beneficiary with limited review rights. Naming a trustworthy trustee and establishing clear rules for permissible expenditures increases transparency and reduces the likelihood of misuse. The trust can also define what constitutes reasonable expenses to guide the trustee’s decisions. Including successor oversight mechanisms or requiring independent review for large expenditures helps protect the trust assets. These features create accountability and give owners confidence that funds will be managed in a way that serves the pet’s best interests over time.
Owners should review their pet trust periodically, especially after major life changes such as relocation, changes in the pet’s health, or changes among named caregivers and trustees. Regular reviews help confirm that funding remains adequate, that nominated individuals are still willing and able to serve, and that care instructions reflect current medical needs. Updates ensure the trust functions as intended and avoids surprises when it must be implemented. A review every few years or after material changes is sensible. Keeping the trust current safeguards the pet’s welfare by making sure all contact information, funding mechanisms, and care instructions remain accurate and practical for caregivers and trustees to follow.
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