A general assignment of assets to trust is a legal document that transfers ownership of property into a living trust so that assets are managed and distributed according to the terms of the trust. For residents of Los Molinos, this kind of assignment can help simplify probate avoidance, provide continuity for asset management, and offer a clear path for distributing property to beneficiaries. Our page explains how a general assignment differs from other transfer mechanisms and how it fits into a typical estate plan that also includes a revocable living trust, pour-over will, and supporting documents such as powers of attorney and health care directives.
Many families in California use a general assignment as part of a broader estate planning approach to ensure assets are consolidated under a trust. This approach can streamline administration after incapacity or death, reduce the likelihood of property passing through probate, and make it easier for trustees to carry out the grantor’s intentions. The assignment typically accompanies other planning documents like the will, powers of attorney, and trust certification. This guide outlines practical considerations for Los Molinos residents, including documentation, common asset types transferred, and the firm’s approach to making sure assignments are clear and legally effective.
A properly executed general assignment can be a foundational step in consolidating assets under a trust, improving management and transfer of property according to the trust terms. For families in Los Molinos, California, the benefits include smoother administration, reduced exposure to probate delays, and a better framework for protecting beneficiaries’ interests. Assignments can also ensure that personal effects, financial accounts, and titled property are recognized as trust assets, avoiding later disputes about ownership. By placing assets in the trust’s name or assigning them to the trust, the grantor clarifies intentions and makes it simpler for successors to follow through when the time comes.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides practical estate planning services to clients in San Jose, Los Molinos, and across California, focusing on clear paperwork and thoughtful planning. Our firm assists with drafting general assignments to trust, revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, and related documents such as powers of attorney and advance health care directives. We emphasize careful communication, attention to local procedures, and preparing documents that work in real-life situations. Call 408-528-2827 to discuss how a general assignment can be incorporated into a comprehensive estate plan tailored to your family and assets.
A general assignment of assets to trust is a document used to transfer property from an individual to a trust, either by re-titling assets or by assigning ownership interests so the trust becomes the holder. This mechanism is often used alongside a revocable living trust so that the trust holds title and manages distribution under the trust’s instructions. For many households, assignments cover bank accounts, brokerage accounts, personal property, and any titled assets that did not automatically transfer when the trust was created. The assignment clarifies which items are intended to be trust property and can reduce ambiguity when a trustee assumes duties.
The process for an assignment typically involves identifying assets to be transferred, preparing transfer documents or reassignment forms, and ensuring that title companies, banks, or other institutions recognize the trust as owner. Some assets cannot be assigned directly and may require beneficiary designations or separate transfer forms, so coordination is important. Proper documentation, including a certification of trust when required, helps third parties accept the trust’s authority without exposing confidential trust terms. This careful preparation reduces the risk of disputes and supports a smooth transition for management and distribution.
A general assignment is a legal declaration that transfers ownership or rights in designated property from the owner to a trust. It serves as evidence that the grantor intended for specific assets to become trust property and can be recorded or presented to institutions as proof of transfer. Unlike assigning ownership through beneficiary designations, a general assignment moves title or ownership interests into the trust itself, giving the trustee the authority to manage and distribute those assets under the trust’s terms. This document often accompanies other estate planning instruments to create a coherent plan for asset management and distribution.
Key elements of a valid assignment include a clear description of assets being transferred, an unambiguous statement that ownership is being assigned to the named trust, the grantor’s signature, and, where appropriate, notarization or recording. The process may involve changing titles on property deeds, updating account registrations, and completing institutional transfer forms. It is also important to prepare supplemental documents such as a certification of trust for third-party review. Following these steps helps ensure that the trust truly becomes the owner in the eyes of institutions, courts, and beneficiaries, reducing friction during administration.
This glossary explains common terms you will encounter when working with general assignments and trusts, such as grantor, trustee, beneficiary, trust corpus, and certification of trust. Understanding these concepts helps you know how assets move from individual ownership into the trust, who controls them, and how they will be managed and distributed. Familiarity with the vocabulary reduces confusion when signing documents or dealing with financial institutions. Below you will find concise definitions of several frequently used terms and how they relate to a general assignment of assets to trust.
The grantor is the person who creates the trust and transfers assets into it. They set the trust’s terms and direct how property should be managed and distributed. In a revocable living trust, the grantor often retains the right to change the trust during their lifetime and may serve as the initial trustee. When preparing a general assignment, the grantor signs the instrument assigning assets to the trust, making clear which property is intended to become trust property and subject to the trust’s terms.
The trustee is the individual or entity responsible for managing trust property in accordance with the trust document. The trustee has fiduciary duties to act in the best interests of beneficiaries, to administer assets prudently, and to follow distribution instructions. Following a general assignment, the trustee may need to step in to handle banking matters, property sales, or distributions, and should keep accurate records. A certification of trust can be presented to show the trustee’s authority without disclosing the trust’s detailed provisions.
A beneficiary is a person or organization entitled to receive distributions from the trust according to its terms. Beneficiaries can be family members, friends, charities, or other entities. The trust document specifies when and how beneficiaries receive property, which can include immediate distributions, staged distributions over time, or conditions tied to specific events. A clear assignment of assets to the trust helps ensure that the intended beneficiaries receive the property in the manner the grantor directed.
A certification of trust is a short document that summarizes essential terms of a trust without exposing confidential details of the trust instrument. It typically includes the trust’s name, date, the identity of the trustee, and a statement of the trustee’s powers. Many banks and title companies accept a certification in lieu of the full trust, which helps protect privacy while allowing institutions to recognize the trust’s authority to hold or manage assets after a general assignment has been made.
When planning asset transfers, individuals can choose limited transfers such as beneficiary designations, joint ownership, or specific titling changes, or adopt a more comprehensive approach by executing a general assignment that consolidates assets into a trust. Limited transfers can be quick and inexpensive for singular assets, but they may leave gaps or create inconsistencies across accounts and property types. A general assignment supports a unified approach, aligning assets with the trust’s terms. The right option depends on the asset mix, family goals, and the desire for a single, cohesive administration plan.
A limited approach may be appropriate when an individual has a small number of assets that are easily managed through beneficiary designations or joint ownership and when the overall estate is unlikely to trigger complex probate proceedings. For people whose primary assets are retirement accounts with clear beneficiary designations, and who prefer simplicity over consolidation, updating payable-on-death forms and beneficiary designations may provide a straightforward solution. However, this approach can leave other property outside the intended plan and may not provide consistent management or distribution instructions for all holdings.
A limited strategy can be attractive when cost considerations favor updating individual account designations rather than preparing a suite of trust documents and assignments. Changing beneficiary designations, registering joint tenants, or creating simple transfer-on-death designations for certain assets may be quick and inexpensive. For those with straightforward needs and minimal assets outside retirement accounts or bank accounts, these updates provide an affordable way to control distribution. Yet they may not consolidate control or simplify management in the same way a general assignment into a trust would.
A comprehensive approach, including a general assignment to a trust, helps ensure that all significant assets are governed by one set of terms, promoting consistent management and distribution. By centralizing asset ownership under the trust, the trustee operates under a single document’s instructions, minimizing conflicts between account-specific beneficiary designations and the grantor’s intended overall plan. This consolidation eases administration during incapacity or after death and reduces the risk of disputes among heirs, creating a more orderly process for handling family assets and liabilities.
A broad assignment to a trust can reduce the need for public probate proceedings and help preserve family privacy by keeping the distribution terms out of court records. Trust administration occurs through the trustee and does not involve the same level of court oversight as probate, which can be lengthy and public. For individuals who prioritize confidentiality and wish to limit court involvement, consolidating assets under a trust provides a private path for transferring property. Proper documentation and coordination with institutions ensure the trust is recognized without exposing sensitive details.
A comprehensive assignment into a trust streamlines management and distribution of assets by placing ownership in the trust and providing clear rules for trustees to follow. This approach can minimize administrative delays, reduce the likelihood of conflicting beneficiary designations, and provide continuity in financial decision-making during incapacity. Additionally, it offers privacy advantages by reducing reliance on probate court proceedings. Coordinating titles, account registrations, and beneficiary forms with a general assignment helps create a single, coherent plan that aligns with the grantor’s goals and family needs.
Centralizing assets under a trust also facilitates smoother transfers of real property, bank accounts, and personal property, as the trust holds clear title to those items. Trustees can manage and invest assets with instructions tailored to the family’s circumstances, and distributions can be timed or conditioned to reflect the grantor’s intentions. This method reduces confusion among family members and financial institutions and makes it easier to account for assets in estate accounting and reporting, easing administrative burdens for successors and reducing friction during transitions.
With a general assignment placing assets into the trust, management authority is centralized and clarified, allowing trustees to make decisions in accordance with the trust’s terms without needing to reconcile multiple ownership forms. This simplifies banking, investment decisions, and property sales by consolidating decision-making authority. It also reduces the likelihood of disputes over who has the right to manage certain assets. Clear authority and documentation help successors act confidently and efficiently, which can preserve asset value and simplify tasks during a difficult time.
When assets are properly assigned to a trust, fewer items remain subject to probate, which reduces time and public court involvement for the family. Trustees can transfer and distribute trust property according to the trust document without opening a probate estate for every asset. This streamlined administration can be less stressful for heirs and may reduce administrative costs associated with probate. By proactively assigning assets and updating records, families can create a plan that minimizes court procedures and promotes efficient handling of the grantor’s property.
Before preparing a general assignment, make a thorough inventory of real property, bank and brokerage accounts, retirement plans, business interests, personal property, and any other significant holdings. Knowing exactly what you own and how each asset is titled will clarify which items can be assigned directly to the trust and which require beneficiary designations or separate transfer mechanisms. This inventory reduces oversights, helps prioritize tasks, and provides a roadmap for coordinating with banks, title companies, and other institutions to ensure transfers are completed accurately.
Transferring assets often requires changing titles on deeds, updating account registrations, and reviewing beneficiary designations for retirement plans and life insurance. A coordinated approach prevents conflicts between different transfer methods and helps ensure all intended assets become trust property. Verify that deeds are properly recorded, financial institutions accept trust ownership, and any third-party forms are completed. Regular reviews after significant life events such as marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child will keep assignments and trust ownership aligned with current wishes.
Consider a general assignment when you want to consolidate assets under a trust to ensure consistent management, reduce probate, and provide clear instructions for distribution. This approach is particularly helpful for individuals with multiple bank accounts, real property, or personal assets that are not already covered by beneficiary designations. A general assignment also supports plans that involve staged distributions or ongoing management of assets for beneficiaries, since placing assets into the trust puts them directly under the trustee’s care according to the trust’s terms.
Another reason to use a general assignment is to prepare for potential incapacity by ensuring a trustee can step in to manage assets without interruption. With properly titled trust assets, a trustee can access funds to pay bills, maintain property, and support family members when the grantor cannot act. Additionally, those who value privacy and want to minimize court involvement for their heirs may find that consolidating assets under a trust provides a more discreet path for distributing property, preserving confidentiality for family affairs and financial matters.
Typical circumstances that lead people to complete a general assignment include acquiring new real estate, inheriting property, opening new accounts that should be governed by a trust, preparing for retirement, or reorganizing assets after a life event such as marriage or divorce. Executors and family members often find assignments helpful when consolidating an estate after the owner’s passing or when trustees need to manage diverse assets for beneficiaries. Assignments are also useful when grantors wish to keep control during life while ensuring a clean transfer at incapacity or death.
When someone purchases real estate, they may choose to transfer the deed into the trust through a grant deed or other appropriate instrument so the property becomes trust property. Doing so at or shortly after closing reduces the chance the property will remain outside the trust and later require probate. Coordinating with the escrow or title company to record the transfer properly ensures clear title and avoids confusion for heirs and successors. Proper recording also allows trustees to manage or sell the property under trust authority when the time comes.
Opening new bank or brokerage accounts in the name of the trust or assigning existing accounts to the trust ensures those funds are governed by the trust instruments. Without updating account ownership, funds may be distributed according to beneficiary forms or default laws rather than the grantor’s comprehensive plan. Promptly addressing account registrations at the time of opening or shortly thereafter reduces administrative complications and aligns the accounts with the larger estate plan, making it easier for trustees to manage finances in accordance with the trust’s instructions.
Life events such as marriage, divorce, the birth of a child, or the death of a family member often prompt a review of estate planning documents and may necessitate assignments to ensure the trust reflects current intentions. These changes can alter beneficiary designations, asset ownership, and family needs, making consolidation into the trust an effective way to update the plan comprehensively. Regular reviews after major events help maintain alignment between personal circumstances and legal documents, so that the trust continues to serve the grantor’s goals.
We provide hands-on assistance to Los Molinos residents who want to consolidate assets into a living trust through general assignments and related documents. Our practice helps clients identify assets to assign, prepare required transfer instruments, and coordinate with banks, title companies, and other institutions to effect transfers properly. By guiding clients through the necessary steps and ensuring documentation such as a certification of trust is ready, we aim to reduce administrative delays and help trustees and families carry out the grantor’s intentions with clarity and confidence.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman assists clients throughout California with the practical mechanics of assigning assets to trusts, focusing on clear documents and thoughtful coordination with institutions. Our approach includes thorough asset inventories, careful preparation of assignments and supporting documents, and follow-through with banks or title companies to confirm new registrations or recorded deeds. Clients appreciate straightforward communication and attention to detail, which helps prevent common pitfalls that can leave assets outside the trust or cause delays during administration.
We help clients integrate assignments with complementary documents such as revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, powers of attorney, and advance health care directives to create cohesive plans. This combined approach minimizes conflicts between isolated beneficiary designations and the trust’s broader instructions, helping families achieve predictable outcomes. Our process emphasizes documentation that institutions will accept, including certificates of trust, and practical guidance on how to title or re-title property to align with the trust’s ownership.
Clients in Los Molinos and surrounding areas rely on our practice to handle both straightforward and more complex asset transfers. Whether the assets include real estate, business interests, or a mix of accounts and personal property, we work to identify optimal transfer methods and prepare the necessary paperwork. Our goal is to reduce stress and administrative burden for families by creating a plan that supports orderly management during incapacity and efficient distribution after death, always mindful of privacy and local recording requirements.
Our process begins with a comprehensive review of your current assets, titles, and beneficiary designations to determine which items should be assigned to the trust. We prepare the general assignment, trust certifications, deed transfers where necessary, and coordinate with institutions to implement changes. Throughout the process we provide instructions for signing, recording deeds, and handling account retitling. We also follow up to confirm that transfers are recognized by banks, title companies, and other custodians so the trust truly holds the intended assets.
The first step involves creating a detailed inventory of assets and determining how each should be held after the assignment. We identify real property, accounts, investments, insurance, retirement plans, business interests, and personal property, and then recommend the appropriate transfer method for each asset. This planning ensures that the assignment and supporting documents are tailored to the client’s goals and avoids surprises where certain accounts cannot be directly assigned and require separate beneficiary designations or other actions.
We examine deed records and account registrations to spot any title defects or ownership forms that could prevent a clean assignment to the trust. Clearing title or preparing corrective documents in advance can be necessary for some properties. Addressing these matters early prevents delays and ensures the trust will have transferable title. We also confirm whether certain assets, like retirement accounts, are best managed through beneficiary designations rather than assignment, and provide guidance tailored to each asset class.
Once assets are identified, we draft the general assignment and prepare a certification of trust and any necessary deeds or transfer forms. The certification helps institutions accept the trust without requiring the full trust document. Proper notarization and recording steps are included where required. These supporting documents streamline interactions with banks and title companies and preserve confidentiality while ensuring the trust’s ownership is recognized.
After documents are prepared, we assist with executing assignments, signing deeds, and presenting certifications to institutions. This step often involves coordinating with escrow or title companies to record deeds, and working with banks or brokerage firms to retitle accounts. Timely execution and careful handling of institutional requirements are essential to ensure the trust is recognized as owner. We also advise on whether any additional forms such as HIPAA authorizations or transfer-on-death designations are needed to align the asset plan with the trust structure.
We communicate directly with banks and title companies as needed to present certifications, assignment instruments, and recorded deeds so those organizations will update their records to reflect the trust’s ownership. Different institutions have differing requirements, and we tailor our approach accordingly. We follow up to confirm updates are completed and advise clients on any additional steps required to maintain accurate records and ensure the trust’s authority is fully acknowledged.
When real property is assigned to a trust, the deed must be prepared and recorded in the county where the property is located to effect the transfer. We manage deed preparation or work with title professionals to confirm correct recording and update public records. Recording the deed is a key final step to show title in the trust name and to prevent later questions about ownership. We also advise on potential tax or transfer considerations tied to recorded transfers.
After transfers are completed, we perform a post-transfer review to confirm that title registrations, account ownership, and records reflect the trust as owner. Periodic maintenance is advised, particularly after significant life events or changes in assets. We recommend regular reviews to update the trust, certifications, or assignments as needed, ensuring the estate plan continues to reflect current wishes and asset holdings. Ongoing attention prevents assets from unintentionally falling outside the trust.
We verify that banks and title companies have recorded or updated their records to show the trust as owner and that deeds are on file as expected. If any institution requires additional documentation, we address those requests and finalize outstanding items. Keeping a central file of recorded documents and confirmations helps trustees and family members manage the estate efficiently. This review also identifies assets acquired after the initial transfer that may need to be assigned to the trust later.
Because life circumstances and asset portfolios change over time, periodic reviews are important to ensure assignments remain current. Events like retirement, property purchases, business changes, marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child often require updates to the trust and its assigned assets. We recommend revisiting the plan after significant changes to update titles, beneficiary designations, and any supporting documents so the trust continues to serve the client’s objectives and reflects present relationships and priorities.
Assigning assets to a trust moves ownership or title into the name of the trust so the trustee can manage and distribute them under the trust’s terms, whereas naming a beneficiary on an account directs that asset to a named person or entity upon death without changing the account’s ownership during life. Beneficiary designations control who receives particular accounts but do not centralize management under a trust. In contrast, a general assignment helps create a single, consistent ownership structure that aligns with the overall estate plan and reduces the potential for conflicting outcomes across different asset types. When considering which approach to use, it is important to review each asset’s requirements. Some assets, like retirement accounts, often require beneficiary designations for tax reasons, while other assets such as bank accounts or real estate may be better consolidated into the trust through assignment or deed transfer. Coordination between beneficiary designations and trust assignments reduces surprises and helps match the asset transfer method to the client’s broader goals for management and distribution.
Assigning assets to a revocable living trust can reduce the amount of property that must go through probate because assets titled in the trust typically bypass probate administration. Probate avoidance depends on ensuring that key assets are properly retitled or assigned and that beneficiary designations and deeds are updated to reflect the trust’s ownership. A pour-over will can capture assets inadvertently left outside the trust, but assets passing through a will may still require probate if they remain titled in the decedent’s individual name. It is important to perform a comprehensive review to identify assets that may remain outside the trust and to take steps to transfer or designate them appropriately. Certain assets like retirement accounts and life insurance proceeds may pass by beneficiary designation regardless of trust ownership, so a coordinated plan helps reduce probate exposure while ensuring the intended distribution of property according to the grantor’s wishes.
Transferring a primary residence into a trust is a common step and often does not trigger reassessment if done correctly, particularly when the transfer is from the owner to their revocable living trust as an inter vivos transfer. California law generally allows transfers between an individual and their revocable trust without a change in control for property tax reassessment under certain conditions. However, each county may have specific recording and documentary requirements, and clarity on filing is important to avoid unintended consequences. Before recording a deed, it is wise to confirm local recorder procedures and to verify whether any mortgage lender implications need attention. Also consider whether other property tax exclusions or reassessment exemptions apply. Consulting on the proper deed form and recording process ensures the transfer is accomplished in a way that preserves existing property tax treatment when available.
Retirement accounts such as IRAs and 401(k)s typically remain individually owned and are most often transferred by beneficiary designation rather than by assignment to a revocable living trust. Naming a trust as beneficiary can be appropriate in some circumstances, especially where controlled distributions are needed for a beneficiary, but this choice has tax and administration implications that should be carefully considered. Many retirement plan administrators prefer individual beneficiaries for ease of administration and tax treatment, so evaluate options based on your goals and the account type. If the retirement account owner is considering naming a trust as beneficiary, it is important to coordinate the trust language with required distribution provisions and to discuss tax consequences. In some cases, naming both primary and contingent individual beneficiaries while keeping a trust for specific assets can achieve the desired balance between control and tax efficiency.
A certification of trust is a condensed document that provides essential information about a trust, such as the trust’s name, date, the identity of the trustee, and a statement of the trustee’s powers, without disclosing private provisions. Many banks and title companies accept a certification of trust in place of the full trust document when assets are being transferred or when institutions need proof of the trustee’s authority. The certification helps preserve privacy while enabling institutions to confirm the trust’s authority to hold or manage assets. Preparing a certification ahead of time simplifies institutional interactions and can expedite transfers during a general assignment. Even when not expressly required, having a current certification available reduces the need to produce the full trust and can streamline account retitling and deed recording processes, especially for trustees handling day-to-day matters.
Transferring bank and brokerage accounts to a trust typically involves completing new account registration forms or assignment documents that list the trust as the account owner. Some institutions will accept a change of title on their forms; others may require internal transfer paperwork or a certification of trust. It is important to confirm each institution’s requirements and to provide notarized signatures or additional documentation if requested. Maintaining clear records of the changes helps confirm the trust’s holdings and prevents later confusion for trustees and beneficiaries. When accounts cannot be retitled easily, alternative methods such as naming payable-on-death beneficiaries or creating transfer-on-death arrangements may be considered, though these approaches do not centralize management under the trust. Coordination with financial institutions and careful documentation ensure that the intended accounts are properly aligned with the trust and that the trustee can carry out management tasks when necessary.
Assets placed in a revocable living trust are generally treated as the grantor’s assets for creditor claims during the grantor’s lifetime, so they are not typically shielded from creditors while the grantor is alive. After death, creditor claims against the estate may still be asserted, and trustees have duties to address valid claims during administration. Proper planning can influence the handling of creditor claims, but assigning assets to a revocable trust does not automatically provide asset protection from existing creditors while the grantor is living. For individuals seeking protection from potential future creditors, different strategies may be appropriate, including certain irrevocable arrangements or other planning techniques, but those approaches involve different legal and tax consequences. A thoughtful review of personal circumstances and goals helps determine the best combination of tools to balance control, protection, and transfer objectives.
Yes, assets can generally be added to or removed from a revocable living trust during the grantor’s lifetime by executing new assignments, changing account registrations, or re-titling property. The flexibility of a revocable trust allows the grantor to update holdings as circumstances change. It is important to follow proper procedures for each asset type—recording deeds for real estate, submitting account change forms for financial accounts, and preparing written assignments for personal property—to ensure records remain accurate and that the trust’s holdings reflect current wishes. Regular reviews and updates after major life events are recommended so the trust remains aligned with the grantor’s objectives. Maintaining an accurate inventory and a habit of updating titles and beneficiary forms reduces the risk that assets will remain outside the trust unintentionally and helps maintain an orderly plan for the future.
The timeline for completing a general assignment and related transfers varies depending on the number and complexity of assets and the responsiveness of financial institutions and title companies. Simple account retitlings can sometimes be completed in a few days to a few weeks, while transferring real property may take longer due to deed preparation, notarization, and county recording times. Coordinated assignments involving multiple institutions and recorded deeds commonly take several weeks to complete, particularly when title issues or lender consents are involved. To reduce delays, prepare complete documentation such as a certification of trust, keep accurate asset inventories, and promptly respond to institutions’ requests for additional forms or identification. Advance planning and targeted follow-up typically help expedite the process and provide clearer expectations about timing for clients and their families.
For a productive consultation about assigning assets to a trust, bring documentation such as deeds, current account statements, beneficiary designations, policy documents for life insurance, and any business ownership records you have. Also bring a copy of the trust document if one exists, or provide details about the trust name and date so we can prepare a certification. A list of assets and account numbers, along with identification and contact information for key family members or trustees, will help us assess what needs to be transferred. During the meeting we will review which assets should be assigned directly to the trust, which require beneficiary designation updates, and whether any deeds or institutional forms must be prepared. Preparing materials ahead of time allows us to give clear recommendations and helps the client understand the steps needed to complete assignments efficiently.
Explore our complete estate planning services
[gravityform id=”2″ title=”false” description=”false” ajax=”true”]
Criminal Defense
Homicide Defense
Manslaughter
Assault and Battery
Assault with a Deadly Weapon
Battery Causing Great Bodily Injury
Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence Protection Orders
Domestic Violence Restraining Order
Arson Defense
Weapons Charges
Illegal Firearm Possessions
Civil Harassment
Civil Harassment Restraining Orders
School Violence Restraining Orders
Violent Crimes Defense
Estate Planning Practice Areas