An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) can play an important role in a well-structured estate plan for residents of Marysville and surrounding Yuba County. This guide explains how an ILIT works, what issues it addresses, and how it interacts with other estate planning documents like revocable living trusts and pour-over wills. The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman provides clear, practical legal guidance tailored to California law and local needs. We focus on practical outcomes such as tax planning, asset protection, and ensuring life insurance proceeds are distributed according to your wishes while minimizing probate involvement.
Choosing to create an ILIT involves careful coordination with existing retirement plan designations, beneficiary choices, and other trust arrangements. The process typically includes drafting trust terms, transferring ownership of life insurance policies into the trust, and establishing trustee and beneficiary provisions that reflect your goals for family care and tax efficiency. Our approach is to explain options in plain language, review the implications for federal estate and gift taxes, and help craft durable instructions that protect your family and legacy while complying with California law and the unique circumstances of Marysville-area residents.
An ILIT helps ensure that life insurance proceeds are managed and distributed according to your directions, potentially outside of probate and separate from your taxable estate. For many families, an ILIT can provide liquidity to cover estate taxes, outstanding debts, and ongoing family expenses without forcing a sale of assets. The trust structure also allows for controlled distributions to beneficiaries, preservation of benefits for vulnerable family members, and potential protection against creditors. Understanding these benefits helps families in Marysville make informed decisions about how to use life insurance as part of a broader estate plan that includes trusts, wills, and powers of attorney.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman offers estate planning services designed to address the needs of California residents, including Marysville and Yuba County. Our firm emphasizes practical guidance, clear communication, and careful document preparation to align legal tools with client goals. We assist clients with revocable living trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and specialized trust vehicles such as irrevocable life insurance trusts and special needs trusts. Our objective is to help families protect assets, provide for heirs, and create legacy plans that are legally sound and tailored to the client’s circumstances and wishes.
An ILIT is a trust established to own and control one or more life insurance policies, where the grantor permanently gives up ownership and certain powers over those policies. The trustee manages the trust and the insurance policy, and the trust’s terms specify how proceeds will be used and distributed after the insured’s death. Because the grantor relinquishes ownership, proceeds received by the trust are generally treated separately from the grantor’s probate estate. Setting up an ILIT requires careful consideration of gift tax rules, Crummey withdrawal powers, and coordination with beneficiary designations to achieve the desired estate planning objectives.
Properly establishing an ILIT also involves ongoing administration duties, including timely trust funding, premium payments, and recordkeeping. The trustee must follow the trust terms and applicable California law, and beneficiaries need clear directions for distributions. Coordination with other estate planning instruments is essential to avoid unintended tax consequences and to preserve family goals. Our process includes reviewing existing policies and beneficiary designations, advising on whether to purchase new policies within the trust, and drafting trust provisions that align with estate liquidity needs and long-term family support priorities in Marysville and across California.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a legal vehicle created to hold life insurance policies outside of a grantor’s taxable estate. Once properly funded and established, the trust owns the policy and receives proceeds upon the insured’s death, which are then managed and distributed according to the trust terms. The grantor gives up control over the policy ownership to ensure the proceeds are not included in the gross estate for federal estate tax purposes. This arrangement helps preserve assets, provide liquidity, and achieve specific planning goals, while requiring careful drafting and compliance with transfer timing and gift tax regulations applicable in the United States.
Creating an ILIT typically involves selecting a trustee, drafting the trust document with clear distribution standards, transferring existing life insurance ownership into the trust, or having the trust apply for a new policy, and setting up mechanisms for premium payments. Many trusts include Crummey withdrawal powers to qualify transfers as present interest gifts for gift tax exclusion, and trustees must track contributions and any withdrawal notices. Other important steps include aligning beneficiary designations, preparing certification of trust documentation for financial institutions, and ensuring that trust terms work in harmony with other estate planning instruments like revocable living trusts and pour-over wills.
Understanding common terms used in ILIT planning helps clients make informed decisions. This glossary covers essential phrases such as grantor, trustee, beneficiary, Crummey power, gift tax exclusion, and trustee duties. Familiarity with these concepts clarifies how the trust functions, what rights are given up, and how to manage the interplay with existing retirement accounts and beneficiary designations. For residents of Marysville and Yuba County, these definitions frame the legal choices that affect estate tax exposure, asset protection, and the administration of life insurance proceeds to provide maximum benefit to heirs and dependents.
The grantor is the person who creates the trust and transfers ownership of the life insurance policy into it. By establishing an ILIT, the grantor gives up ownership rights, which can help ensure that proceeds are not included in the grantor’s probate estate. The grantor often funds the trust to pay premiums or arranges for policy ownership changes. Choosing a grantor’s intentions and documenting them clearly in the trust instrument is essential to ensure the trust functions as intended under federal gift and estate tax rules and California law.
The trustee is the person or entity responsible for managing the ILIT, handling premium payments, issuing any necessary notices, investing trust funds when applicable, and distributing proceeds according to the trust terms. Trustees must follow fiduciary duties and the written directions in the trust document, and they often coordinate with financial institutions and insurance carriers. Selecting a reliable trustee and documenting their powers and responsibilities are central to successful trust administration and help ensure that the trust’s objectives for family support, debt payment, and tax planning are met.
A Crummey power is a provision that allows a trust beneficiary a limited-time right to withdraw contributions to the trust, which can help qualify those contributions for the annual gift tax exclusion. Trustees typically provide notice to beneficiaries of each gift and the limited withdrawal window. While beneficiaries rarely exercise the withdrawal right, including a Crummey provision is often necessary to achieve favorable gift tax treatment. Proper notice procedures and documentation of the offering and any declines are important for maintaining the intended tax benefits of the ILIT.
A certification of trust is a short document that summarizes the trust’s existence and key powers without revealing the trust’s private terms. Financial institutions and insurance carriers may request a certification of trust to recognize the trustee’s authority to act on behalf of the trust. This document typically includes the trust name, date, trustee identity, and confirmation of the trustee’s power to manage assets, sign contracts, and access accounts. A well-prepared certification streamlines interactions while preserving confidentiality of the trust’s substantive provisions.
An ILIT is one of several tools used to manage life insurance and estate tax exposure. Revocable living trusts provide flexible asset management during life and avoid probate but do not remove assets from the taxable estate. A pour-over will coordinates assets into a trust at death, and powers of attorney and health care directives address decision-making during incapacity. Choosing the right combination depends on goals such as probate avoidance, tax planning, asset protection, and family support. Discussing these options in the context of California law helps families in Marysville identify the structure that best meets their needs and long-term objectives.
For individuals with modest assets and straightforward family situations, a revocable living trust combined with a well-drafted beneficiary designation may be sufficient to achieve probate avoidance and direct property to intended heirs. In these circumstances, setting up a separate irrevocable trust for life insurance might add complexity without proportional benefit. It is important to consider how the life insurance is owned and who is designated as beneficiary to ensure proceeds pass according to your plan. A focused review can determine whether existing documents already accomplish your goals effectively under California law.
When the planning horizon is short or the primary need is temporary coverage, such as paying off a short-term debt or supporting a dependent for a limited period, maintaining direct policy ownership with careful beneficiary designations can be adequate. In these cases, the administrative burden of an ILIT and potential gift tax considerations may outweigh the benefits. A tailored review will weigh the timeline, cost of trust creation and maintenance, and the potential tax and probate consequences in the local Marysville context to recommend the most efficient arrangement.
When a client owns multiple insurance policies, sizable assets, or complex beneficiary situations, a comprehensive approach that includes an ILIT along with revocable trusts and clear coordinating documents can protect the value of the estate and ensure liquidity at the time of transition. Coordinated planning helps avoid unintended inclusion of proceeds in the probate estate, minimizes administrative surprises, and structures distributions to meet family needs over time. Comprehensive planning considers tax, creditor, and family dynamics to produce a cohesive set of legal documents adapted to the client’s objectives.
If beneficiaries have special needs, creditor exposure, or require long-term financial oversight, an ILIT combined with special needs trusts or other protective arrangements can provide tailored support while preserving eligibility for public benefits where appropriate. Structuring distributions and selecting trustees or trust provisions to meet both protection and access needs requires careful drafting. A comprehensive plan ensures that life insurance proceeds are used as intended to support durable family goals without exposing proceeds to unnecessary risk or jeopardizing benefit eligibility for vulnerable beneficiaries.
A comprehensive estate plan aligns life insurance arrangements, trusts, wills, and powers of attorney so that all components work together smoothly. This approach reduces the likelihood of conflicting beneficiary designations, prevents inclusion of intended trust assets in probate, and provides liquidity to meet immediate obligations after a death. It also allows for thoughtful instructions on distribution timing and conditions, helping families achieve long-term goals like education funding or multi-generation wealth transfer. Comprehensive planning in California takes into account state-specific rules and local considerations relevant to Marysville families.
When documents are coordinated, trustees and family members have clearer guidance, which reduces administrative friction and the potential for disputes. A unified plan also supports continuity of financial management in situations of incapacity and provides for guardianship nominations when minor children are involved. For many clients, the combined advantages of tax planning, probate avoidance, creditor protection, and structured distributions make comprehensive planning a practical choice. The result is a resilient plan that reflects the client’s objectives and adapts to life changes while following California law and best practices.
One of the primary benefits of including an ILIT in a comprehensive estate plan is improved estate liquidity and potential estate tax mitigation. Properly held life insurance proceeds can provide immediate funds to cover estate settlement costs, taxes, and debts, preventing forced sales of real property or business interests. While federal estate tax thresholds apply, planning with an ILIT can still be relevant for state and federal considerations, particularly where high-value estates or illiquid assets are present. Crafting the right strategy requires careful review of asset composition and anticipated liabilities.
An ILIT allows the grantor to set distribution parameters that reflect family needs and creditor concerns, ensuring that life insurance proceeds support designated purposes such as education, care for dependents, or ongoing household needs over time. Trustees can be instructed to make staggered distributions, hold funds for beneficiaries until certain milestones, or use proceeds for specific expenses. This level of control helps families preserve wealth across generations while providing for immediate financial stability when a primary wage earner passes away.
Before creating an ILIT, inventory all life insurance policies, retirement accounts, and beneficiary designations to identify where changes are needed. Transferring an existing policy into a trust requires attention to ownership and beneficiary forms so that proceeds are received by the trust as intended. Confirm whether any policy has collateral assignments or loans that affect transferability, and coordinate timing carefully to avoid unintended estate inclusion. Proper documentation and communication with insurance carriers streamline the process and reduce administrative risk after the trust is established.
Ensure that the ILIT’s terms are consistent with revocable living trusts, wills, powers of attorney, and healthcare directives so the overall plan functions coherently. Use a pour-over will to capture assets not already in a trust and prepare guardianship nominations if minor children are involved. Coordination reduces the chance of conflicting directions and simplifies administration. Engaging in a holistic review periodically, especially after major life events, helps maintain alignment with the client’s evolving goals and California law requirements.
Families may consider an ILIT when they want life insurance proceeds managed outside of the probate estate, need liquidity to settle estate obligations, or desire controlled distributions for beneficiaries over time. An ILIT can help preserve family assets by providing immediate funds to pay taxes, debts, or ongoing support needs without forcing the sale of real estate or business interests. It is also a useful tool when beneficiaries have creditor exposure or when there is a desire to leave funds in trust for long-term purposes such as education or care of dependents.
Clients with multiple policies or high-value estates often benefit from the predictability and structure an ILIT provides, especially when coordinated with revocable trusts and proper beneficiary designation. Sometimes an ILIT is part of a broader strategy to maintain family wealth and provide oversight for heirs who may not be ready for large inheritances. For residents of Marysville and surrounding communities, local real estate and family dynamics can make liquidity and distribution planning particularly important, and an ILIT offers a practical solution to address these concerns effectively.
Typical circumstances that prompt consideration of an ILIT include ownership of significant life insurance policies, ownership of illiquid assets that could be difficult to convert quickly, blended family concerns, or the need to protect proceeds from creditors or divorce proceedings. Additionally, when beneficiaries include adults with special needs or when professional management of proceeds is desired, an ILIT can be an appropriate choice. Each situation warrants careful document drafting to reflect the grantor’s goals while complying with federal and California rules governing trust taxation and administration.
When life insurance policies have substantial death benefits relative to the rest of the estate, placing those policies into an ILIT can help segregate the proceeds from probate processing and potential inclusion in the taxable estate. This can provide immediate liquidity and protect other estate assets from forced liquidation. Drafting the trust and coordinating the timing of ownership transfers is essential to achieve intended tax and administration outcomes, and proper documentation ensures that policy proceeds are used according to the grantor’s wishes.
If beneficiaries face creditor claims, divorce exposure, or poor financial management history, an ILIT can insulate life insurance proceeds by controlling distributions through trustee authority. The trust’s terms can provide staged or conditional distributions to protect funds from being immediately accessible to potential creditors or from being dissipated. Using trust-based distribution mechanisms helps preserve assets for their intended purposes while providing fiduciary oversight and structured financial support for beneficiaries.
When beneficiaries are minors or individuals with special needs, an ILIT can ensure that proceeds are managed responsibly and distributed according to a thoughtful plan. Trust provisions can provide for education, health care, housing, and long-term support while preserving eligibility for government benefits where necessary. Trustees can be instructed to make distributions when beneficiaries reach certain milestones or based on demonstrated needs, offering a balance of protection and flexibility to meet family goals and provide ongoing stewardship of life insurance proceeds.
The Law Offices of Robert P. Bergman serves Marysville and surrounding communities in Yuba County, providing focused estate planning services tailored to California rules and local needs. Our office assists clients with ILIT formation, trust coordination, wills, powers of attorney, and healthcare directives, helping families plan for incapacity and the orderly transfer of assets. We explain legal options in clear terms, assist with document drafting and funding, and guide trustees and family members through practical administration steps to ensure that plans function as intended when they are needed most.
Clients choose our firm for personalized planning that accounts for California law and local realities affecting Marysville families. We prioritize clear communication about how an ILIT interacts with a comprehensive estate plan, including revocable living trusts, pour-over wills, and powers of attorney. Our approach is to provide practical, durable documents and to advise on administration steps such as premium funding, Crummey notices, and coordination of beneficiary designations to preserve intended benefits for your heirs.
We work collaboratively with clients to identify goals such as liquidity for estate settlement, asset protection, and long-term family support, and then craft trust provisions that reflect those priorities. Our firm assists with policy review, trust drafting, and preparing certifications of trust and related documentation needed by insurance carriers and financial institutions. We also help trustees understand their duties and maintain accurate records to support continued trust effectiveness over time.
From initial planning through trust administration, our practice is focused on reducing legal friction and ensuring that documents are implemented properly. We assist with periodic reviews and modifications as family circumstances change, and provide guidance for coordinated estate plans that include wills, guardianship nominations for minor children, and health care directives. For Marysville residents, this means having a clear plan tailored to local needs and California law.
Our process begins with an in-depth meeting to understand your family situation, financial assets, life insurance holdings, and objectives for distributions. We then review existing documents and policies, recommend strategies for policy ownership and premium funding, and draft an ILIT that integrates with your overall estate plan. After execution, we assist with trust funding, trustee instruction, and coordination with insurance companies. Periodic reviews keep the plan current with life changes and evolving California law. We prioritize clear steps and documentation to support smooth administration when the trust is called upon.
The first step is to conduct a thorough review of existing estate planning documents, life insurance policies, retirement accounts, and beneficiary designations. This evaluation identifies gaps, potential conflicts, and opportunities to use an ILIT effectively. We discuss your goals for liquidity, distribution timing, and protection of beneficiaries, and propose a tailored strategy that addresses tax, probate, and administrative considerations specific to California and the Marysville area.
We compile a complete inventory of your financial accounts, insurance policies, and current estate planning documents, noting ownership details and beneficiary designations. This inventory reveals items that must be coordinated or revised to achieve the intended results and helps determine whether existing policies should be transferred to an ILIT or if new coverage is appropriate for trust ownership.
Based on the inventory, we propose a coordinated plan that outlines whether policies should be transferred to the ILIT, how premiums will be funded, and how the ILIT will interact with revocable trusts, wills, and beneficiary designations. This strategy is documented and reviewed with clients to ensure clarity and alignment with family goals.
In the drafting and execution phase we prepare the ILIT document, related funding instructions, and any necessary ancillary documents such as certification of trust and Crummey notice templates. We review draft provisions with clients, revise as needed to reflect preferences for distribution timing and trustee powers, and oversee proper signing and notarization to validate the trust under California law. We also coordinate with insurance carriers to confirm ownership changes where applicable.
The trust document is customized to specify trustee powers, distribution standards, and mechanisms for premium payment and recordkeeping. We ensure the terms align with the client’s objectives and comply with relevant tax and trust administration rules. Clear instructions reduce trustee uncertainty and support faithful administration of the trust over time.
After document execution, we assist with funding the trust, which may involve transferring policy ownership, designating the trust as beneficiary, and establishing premium payment arrangements. Trustees are provided with documentation and templates for notices and records to maintain compliance and ensure ongoing trust effectiveness.
After the trust is in place, ongoing administration includes maintaining records of gifts and premium payments, issuing beneficiary notices when appropriate, and coordinating distributions upon death in accordance with the trust terms. Periodic review ensures the trust remains aligned with changes in family circumstances and tax law. We support trustees with guidance on their duties and assist families with updates or trust modifications when legitimate changes in circumstances arise.
We provide trustees with practical guidance on recordkeeping, premium payments, and interactions with insurance carriers and financial institutions. Trustees often need clear templates and checklists to handle Crummey notices, gift documentation, and distribution requests. Our support helps trustees perform their duties with confidence and maintain accurate records for tax and legal purposes.
Life changes such as births, deaths, marriage, divorce, or changes in asset values may require updates to the ILIT or related estate documents. Periodic reviews help identify when modifications are appropriate and ensure coordination with revocable trusts, wills, and beneficiary designations. Regular check-ins keep the plan current and effective for the family’s long-term goals under California law.
An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is a trust created to own one or more life insurance policies so that the proceeds are managed and distributed by the trust rather than included directly in the insured’s probate estate. The grantor transfers ownership of the policy to the trust, the trustee administers the policy and trust assets, and beneficiaries receive proceeds according to the trust terms. Establishing an ILIT can support goals such as providing liquidity to cover estate settlement costs and structuring distributions to meet family needs. Setting up an ILIT requires giving up ownership of the policy and certain controls, which is why the decision should be coordinated with other estate planning documents. Proper design can help keep proceeds out of the taxable estate and provide a clear mechanism for disbursing funds to beneficiaries. The process includes drafting the trust document, funding arrangements for premiums, and coordinating beneficiary designations to ensure the trust receives the intended proceeds at death.
When an ILIT is properly established and the grantor has relinquished ownership and relevant incidents of control, life insurance proceeds owned by the trust are typically not included in the grantor’s taxable estate for federal estate tax purposes. This separation can reduce estate tax exposure and provide liquidity for estate settlement, taxes, and debts without relying on the sale of assets. Timing is important because recent transfers may be subject to lookback rules, so early planning is often beneficial. However, tax outcomes depend on specific facts, including the timing of transfers and any retained powers by the grantor. The interplay between gift tax rules and estate tax considerations means that detailed documentation and adherence to trust formality are essential. Discussing the anticipated tax consequences in the context of your overall estate and asset composition helps determine whether an ILIT will achieve the desired tax and liquidity objectives.
A Crummey notice gives a beneficiary a brief, limited opportunity to withdraw a contribution made to the trust, which makes the gift a present interest eligible for the annual gift tax exclusion. Including Crummey withdrawal powers in an ILIT and providing notice to beneficiaries are common practices to preserve favorable gift tax treatment for contributions used to pay policy premiums. In practice, beneficiaries seldom exercise the withdrawal right but the availability of the right helps meet IRS requirements for exclusion treatment. Trustees should follow careful procedures when issuing notices and documenting outcomes to maintain the intended tax treatment. Accurate recordkeeping of notices, beneficiaries’ responses, and subsequent decisions is part of sound trust administration. Coordinating Crummey provisions with the trust terms and funding schedule ensures that premium funding can continue smoothly while preserving tax-efficient gifting for the grantor.
Transferring an existing life insurance policy into an ILIT is often possible but requires coordination with the insurance carrier and consideration of policy loans, assignments, and ownership changes. The transfer should be documented and the carrier notified to update ownership and beneficiary records. Timing matters because transfers made within three years of death may still be included in the gross estate in some circumstances, so early planning helps avoid unintended results. Before transfer, it’s important to confirm that the policy can be transferred without adverse consequences such as triggering a change in coverage terms or unintended taxable events. Reviewing policy contracts and any collateral assignments, and coordinating with the carrier, ensures the transfer achieves the intended estate planning outcome. Proper documentation and communication reduce the risk of administrative issues after the transfer.
Selecting a trustee for an ILIT depends on the family’s needs, the complexity of administration, and the comfort level with the chosen person or entity. Trustees must be trustworthy and capable of handling administrative duties such as paying premiums, issuing notices, maintaining records, and making distributions per the trust terms. Some choose a trusted family member, close advisor, or a professional fiduciary, balancing familiarity with administrative competence and neutrality. Whatever choice is made, clarity about trustee powers and duties in the trust document aids smooth administration. Alternate trustees and successor arrangements should also be provided to ensure continuity. Discussing potential trustee candidates and expected responsibilities during the planning process helps avoid later disputes and ensures the trust operates as intended when it is needed most by beneficiaries.
Premiums for policies owned by an ILIT are typically funded by gifts from the grantor to the trust or from other trust assets if available. These gifts can be structured to qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion through the use of Crummey withdrawal powers, allowing beneficiaries a temporary right to withdraw gifts and thereby treating them as present interest gifts. Consistent funding mechanisms and clear documentation of each contribution are essential for ongoing trust maintenance and to prevent policy lapse. Trustees are responsible for applying funds to premiums and maintaining records of payments, notices, and any beneficiary responses to Crummey offers. Establishing a reliable funding plan and documenting each transaction protects the policy and the trust’s intended tax and administrative treatment. Regular reviews ensure funding remains sustainable and aligned with policy cost changes over time.
Whether an ILIT affects a beneficiary’s eligibility for public benefits depends on the beneficiary’s specific circumstances and the trust’s terms. If a beneficiary receives means-tested public benefits, careful drafting of trust distribution provisions is necessary to avoid disqualifying assets or income. For individuals who rely on government programs, combining an ILIT with a special needs trust or other protective instruments may be appropriate to preserve benefit eligibility while providing supplemental support from life insurance proceeds. Coordination with benefit planning professionals and careful trust drafting ensures the intended support does not unintentionally affect public benefits. Tailored distribution standards, trustee discretion, and timing of distributions can be structured to protect eligibility while addressing beneficiary needs. Discussing these options in advance provides peace of mind and practical solutions for vulnerable family members.
Once an ILIT owns a policy, the grantor should not retain rights that could cause the policy to be included in the grantor’s estate. If the grantor needs access to the policy during life, such access must be carefully considered because retained powers can jeopardize the trust’s intended tax treatment. Alternatives, such as maintaining a revocable arrangement or using other estate planning tools, may be better suited if access during life is a primary concern. If unexpected financial needs arise, options include restructuring arrangements with careful tax and legal analysis or using other assets to meet liquidity needs. Planning alternatives and potential contingency measures should be discussed when designing the ILIT to balance the desire for separation of ownership and the possibility of future financial changes affecting the grantor.
Setting up an ILIT typically takes several weeks to a few months depending on the complexity of the client’s estate, whether existing policies are being transferred, and the time required for coordination with insurance carriers. The process includes an initial consultation, document drafting, execution, and any necessary administrative steps such as transferring ownership and establishing funding arrangements. Early planning allows for smoother implementation and reduces the risk of timing-related issues. Complex cases involving multiple policies, policy loans, or significant asset coordination may require additional time for review and carrier communications. Scheduling a planning consultation and preparing requested financial and policy documents in advance helps expedite the process. Ongoing communication with clients during setup ensures all administrative tasks are completed accurately and efficiently.
An ILIT is generally irrevocable by design, but modifications may be possible in limited circumstances depending on the trust terms, state law, and whether all interested parties agree. Some trusts include limited provisions to allow for trustee action or decanting under specific conditions, and in certain cases trusts can be reformed or modified through court processes when necessary. The ability to modify an ILIT is more constrained than with revocable instruments, so initial drafting should anticipate foreseeable changes and include flexible, practical provisions where appropriate. For substantial changes, options may include creating new trusts, exercising trustee powers where permitted, or obtaining a court-approved modification. Regular reviews can identify when adjustments might be needed and explore permissible approaches while preserving the trust’s intended treatment. Discussing potential future needs during the drafting stage helps build in reasonable flexibility without undermining the trust’s primary objectives.
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